| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The impulsetypeofthesedevicescausechangedvelocitiesofthesubstancespushed through them. The ratio of input energy to outputs in these devices is the blade efficiency. One type of these devices named for James Francis are commonly used in hydroelectric dams. Examples of these devices mountedontallpolesareusedtogenerateelectricityfrom wind. For the point, name these devices that convert energy from the motion offluidssuch as water or steam. | Turbine (accept Impulseturbine; accept Francisturbine; accept Windturbine; acceptTurbinegenerator; do not accept or prompton "generator") |
| The Mogi [[MOH-gee]] model predicts the impact of external deformations on the pressure found in these regions. Thecrystallizationofandsinkingintheseregionscanform plutons. Cooling in these regions can form large intrusive igneous bodies. Extremely large examplesoftheseregionslocatedclosebeneaththesurfacearerequiredforasuper-volcano eruption. For the point, name these areas under volcanoes,which contain molten rock. | Magma Chambers (acceptMagma Pools; prompton "volcano") |
| In some programming languages, including C, the array data type is actually one of these objects due to the language’s memory structure. This type isreturnedbyasuccessful call to the“malloc”function,andaliasingisusedwhentwoormoreoftheseobjectshavethe same value. A “dangling”oneofthesetypesofobjectscanresultinasegmentationfault,and in C, an asterisk is used to declare a variable of this type.Forthepoint,namethisdatatype which references locations of objects in memory. | Pointer |
| Obstructions caused by this substance can be reduced with the drug Dornase alfa, and the amount of water in this substance can be increased with drugssuchasguaifenesin [[gwai-FEH-neh-sin]]. In the stomach, this substance is secreted by goblet cells. The delta-F508 mutation in patients with cystic fibrosis produces a dangerouslyviscoustypeof this fluid. Forthepoint,namethisthickbodilyfluid,whichallergiescancausetoaccumulate in the nose. | Mucus (orPhlegm; prompt on "Airway SurfaceLiquid") |
| Blueschist [[BLOO-shist]] is a rock created from this process, often forming accretionary wedges. Unstable regions in which this process occurs are known as Wadati-Benioff zones. Regions in which this process occurs are the only known origins of superthrust earthquakes.Thisprocess,whichisslowedbymantleconvection,allowscrustal slabs to be recycled. For the point, name this process of one continental slab being pulled under another, which happens at namesake "zones." | Subduction (acceptSubductionzone; prompton plate "convergence"; prompt on plate "tectonics"; prompt on "metamorphosis" before"wedges") |
| Long branch attraction is a systematic error that can occur when creating these constructs. The maximum parsimony method is used to construct the shortestoneofthese constructs possible. Nodes on these constructs indicate a speciation [[spee-see-AY-shun]] event and designate a clade [[KLAYD]]. Unlike cladograms, branches on these constructs indicate the amount of time since a species diverged. For the point, name these diagrams that illustrate evolutionary relationships. | Phylogenetic trees (orEvolutionary trees;acceptNetworks in place ofTrees; acceptPhylogeny; do not accept or prompt on "cladogram"] |
| One type of this process namedforanIndianphysicistissubdividedintoStokesand anti-Stokes varieties. Those varieties of this process are central to Raman spectroscopy. Interactions between photons and charged particles can result in the Compton type of this process. TheskyappearsbluebecauseofatypeofthisprocessnamedforLordRayleigh.For the point, name this process of particles being deflectedby other particles. | Scattering (accept RamanScattering; acceptComptonScattering; accept RayleighScattering; accept ElasticScattering; acceptInelasticScattering) |
| A large, steerable device for observing this regimeislocatedinsideofa"quietzone" near Green Bank, West Virginia. The Very Large Arrayisanobservatorythatstudieslightin this regime. On Earth, light in this regime is bounced off of the ionosphere to transmit information long distances through amplitude modulation transmissions. Telescopes used to observe this regime can detect the 21 centimeter line. For the point, namethisradiation regime observed by dish and antenna telescopes, whose wavelength is greater than microwaves. | Radiowaves (prompt on "radiation" or "electromagneticradiation") |
| The pathogen that causes septoria leaf blotch is able to infect wheat plants by blocking a receptor for this protein. This protein is composed of repeated monomers [[MAH-noh-mers]] of N-acetylglucosamine [[en-ah-SEE-til-gloo-KOH-sah-meen]] with beta-4 linkages. After cellulose, this is the second most common polysaccharide on Earth. This protein provides toughness to cephalopod [[SEH-fah-loh-pod]] beaks and mollusk radula [[RAD-yoo-lah]]. For the point, name this protein found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungi cell walls. | Chitin[[KAI-tin]] (be lenient on pronunciation) |
| Products removed during this process are known as sidecuts. The product undergoing this process is fed through a long, winding tube that passes through anovenat 398 degrees Fahrenheit. Unsorted products of this process are known as naphtha [[NAP-thah]]. The most viscous products created from this process include paraffin and asphalt. For the point, name this process used to separatepetroleumintocomponentssuch as butane and kerosene. | Distillation (accept Oil or Petroleumdistillation;accept Oil or Petroleum refining; accept word forms) |
| Uranyl [[YOO-rah-nil]] acetate [[ASS-ih-tate]] is often used as a negative stain alongside these devices. Samples may be "fixed" with osmium tetroxide or glutaraldehyde [[gloo-tah-RAL-dih-"hide"]] before being analyzed by one of these devices. Antibodies bound to gold nanoparticles are used as a contrast agent when using these devices, the development of whose "cryo-" type won the 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. These devices come inboth"scanning"and"transmission"varieties.Forthepoint,namethesedevicesthat fire a beam of negatively charged particles at samplesto produce high-resolution images. | Electron Microscopes (acceptElectron Microscopy;accept ScanningElectron Microscopes; accept TransmissionElectron Microscopes;acceptEM; accept cryo-EM; accept SEM; accept TEM; prompt on "microscope") |
| One disease of these organelles gives macrophages [[MAK-roh-fay-jez]] a wrinkled "tissue paper" appearance and is called Gaucher [[goh-SHAY]] disease. Endosomes that mature into multivesicular bodies later fuse with these organelles.Amannose-6-phosphate tag targets proteins to these organelles, which also accumulate toxic gangliosides in Tay-Sachs disease. Lipases [["LIE"-pay-ses]] and acid hydrolases are found in, for thepoint, what vesicles with a pH of about 4.5 that break downcellular waste products? | Lysosomes |
| These substances are more easily peptized if they have high values for the zeta potential at the double layer. DLVO theory uses the sum of van der Waals and electrostatic forces to determine whether these substances undergo flocculation [[flok-yoo-LAY-shun]]. These substances often appear blue, because they scatter low wavelength light via the Tyndall effect. Gels and emulsions are types of, for the point, what mixtures in whichsmall particles are evenly suspended within another substance? | Colloids (orColloidal suspensions; acceptGels before mentioned; accept Emulsions before mentioned; accept Aerosols beforementioned; prompt on "dispersions") |
| This letter names a phenomenon in which carbonyl groups donate electrons to orbitals on transitionmetals,whichiscalled"backbonding."Osmoticpressureissymbolized by the uppercase form of this letter, which also denotes the delocalized electrons within a conjugated system. A carbon-carbon triple bond contains two bonds denoted by this letter. For the point, name this Greek letter that names covalent bonds weaker than sigma bonds, formed from the overlap of p orbitals. | Pi (acceptPibond; acceptPielectrons; acceptPibackbonding; prompt on "p") |
| Damage to this structure is responsible for causing MELAS [[ME-lahs]] syndromes such as Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and MERRF [[MERF]] syndrome. Alongwiththe Y chromosome, this is the primary structure used to analyze haplogroups. This circular structure interacts with its nuclear counterpart as aconsequenceofendosymbiosis.Forthe point, name this genetic material that is named for being found in an organelle commonly called the powerhouse of the cell. | Mitochondrial DNA (ormtDNAormDNA; orMitochondrialgenome; prompt on "DNA"; prompt on "Mitochondria" before "genetic"is mentioned) |
| The solubility of these compounds approaches the CMC at the Krafft temperature. An anionic [[an-"eye"-AH-nik]] type of these compounds called SDS is added to denature proteins before gel electrophoresis [[ee-lek-troh-foh-REE-sis]]. In solution, these compounds self-assemble into spherical aggregates called micelles [[mih-SELLS]], whose exteriors contain their hydrophilic head groups. Phospholipids and detergents are classes of, for the point, what amphiphilic [[am-fee-FIH-lik]] compounds that reduce surface tension? | Surfactants (acceptDetergents before mentioned) |
| Lake Valencia in Venezuela is notable for experiencing thesewage-causedvarietyof this process. Decreased light penetration caused by a consequence of this process halts lower-level photosynthesis and causes hypoxic "dead zones" to form. This process is most commonly causedbyagriculturalrunoffrichinnitratesandphosphates.Forthepoint,name this process in which a body of water becomes excessively nutrient-enriched, leading to algae blooms. | Eutrophication (or Hypereutrophication; prompton "algae blooms" or "phytoplankton blooms" before "blooms" is mentioned) |
| This region was discovered in 1992 by David Jewitt and Jane Luu with the aid of charge coupled devices. This region, a circumstellar disk, is thought to be the source of short-period comets, and this region ishometosuchbodiesasErisandPluto.Forthepoint, name this ring of small objects at the edge of thesolarsystemnamedforaDutch-American astronomer. | Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt[[KY-per]] |
| The Marr-Albus model describes input to this structure along a series of climbing fibers that connect to its fourdeepnuclei.Thisstructure'swhitematteriscollectivelycalled the arbor vitae [[VEE-tay]]. The destruction of Purkinje [[per-KIN-jee]] cells within the cortex of this structure can cause ataxia. This structureislocatedbehindthebrainstemand beneath the occipital [[ok-SIH-peh-tul]] lobe. For the point, name this part of the brain responsible for balance and motor control, whose nameis Latin for "little brain." | Cerebellum (prompt on "Brain"; do not acceptor prompt on "cerebrum") |
| This man names a type of space formedfromexpandingvectoralgebraandcalculus from 2D and 3D planes. This man names a program that would prove the consistency of complex systems by breaking them into smaller parts. In onethoughtexperiment,thisman showed that a countably infinite number of guests could be added to a completely full and infinitely large hotel. For the point, namethismathematicianwhoproducedasetof23then unsolved problems. | DavidHilbert (acceptHilbertspace; acceptHilbert's program; acceptHilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel orHilbert's Hotel; acceptHilbert's problems) |
| This compound's H2 receptors are inhibited by drugs such as ranitidine [[rah-NIH-tih-deen]] and cimetidine [[sih-MEH-tih-deen]]. Like gastrin, this compound induces hydrochloric acid release from the stomach's parietal [[pah-"RYE"-eh-tull]] cells. Binding Immunoglobulin [[ih-myoo-noh-GLAH-byoo-lin]] E causes basophils [[BAH-soh-fils]] to release this compound. Allegra, Zyrtec, and Benadryl are name-brand drugs that inhibit the release of this compound. Forthepoint,namethisorganiccompound released during an allergic reaction and inflammatoryresponses. | Histamine |
| The measure of this quantity can be represented in 2D with an oscilloscope. For a point charge, this quantity is yielded by the product of Coulomb's constant times charge over distance, or kQ divided by r. According to Kirchoff's [[KEER-koffs]] second law, this quantity around a loop always equals zero. Current times this quantity gives the power emitted by a circuit component. For the point, name this quantity equal to current times resistance according to Ohm's law. | Voltage (or Electricpotential difference,electromotive force,emf,electric pressure, orelectric tension) |
| In one paper, this thinker proposed acircularandcontextualconceptionofstimulus and response. This author of "The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology" responded to Walter Lippman in The Public and its Problems. This thinker founded theUniversityofChicagoLab School to test his progressive educational theories. For the point, name this American psychologist and pragmatist philosopher, the authorofDemocracy and Education | JohnDewey |
| Boards of this mineral are used in construction to make plasterboard. This flame-retardant mineral was the basis of the oldest mortars. This evaporite mineral can form translucent structures known as selenite. Satin spar and desert rose are crystalline desert formations of this mineral.ThismineralcomponentofPlasterofParisisatwoonthe Mohs hardness scale. For the point, name this soft mineral made of calcium sulfate dihydrate. | Gypsum |
| The Darcy–Weisbach [["WISE"-bahk]] equation gives the head or pressure loss caused by this force. This force is directly proportional to the applied load according to Amontons's [[ah-mohn-TOHNS]] First Law. Newton's formula candeterminethequantityof this force by multiplying a material's namesake coefficient byitsnormalforce.Accordingto Coulomb's law of [this force], this force's kinetic form isindependentofslidingvelocity.For the point, name this force that resists movement. | Friction (accept Coefficient offriction) |
| This researcher coined the terms echoics, mands, and tacts in a book analyzing the communication of ideas to an audience. Noam Chomsky heavily criticized this researcher's theory of the origin of language, which was described in the book Verbal Behavior. Inventions created by this researcher include the air crib and the cumulative recorder. For the point, name this behaviorist psychologist who used a namesake "box" to study operant conditioning. | Burrhus Frederic "B.F."Skinner |
| The ability of this substance to deionize water is described by its cation [[KAT-"eye"-on]] exchange capacity. The components involvedincreatingthissubstanceare abbreviated with the acronym CLORPT. This substance is divided into layers known as horizons. This substance, whose varieties include loam, is composed of decayed organic matter, or humus [[HYOO-mus]], as well as sand, silt, and clay. For the point, name this material in which farmers grow plants. | Soil (acceptDirt; acceptEarth) |
| This object is two-and-a-half times brighterthanwhenitwasoriginallyobservedby Ptolemy, changing its classification from third to second-magnitude. This star serves a role previously held by Alpha Draconis and which will eventually be usurped by Vega. This star lies along the line connecting Dubhe [[DOO-bay]] and Merak [[MEE-rak]], and it is the brightest star in Ursa Minor. For the point, name this star found at the end of the Little Dipper's handle, commonly known as the North Star. | Polaris (orAlpha Ursae Minoris; acceptPoleStar; acceptNorth Starbefore mentioned) |
| A pentavalent [[pen-tah-VAY-lent]] compound of this element named for Dess and Martin oxidizes alcohols into carbonyl groups. A solution of this elementfixescrystalviolet dye during a bacterial Gram stain. A salt of silver and this element is used to cause precipitation during cloud seeding. This element forms a dark blue complex with starch in its namesake "clock reaction" commonly performed in lab demonstrations.Goiteriscaused by a deficiency in, for the point, what halogen oftenadded to table salt? | Iodine (orI) |
| Stars named for this element are classified with the R-N and Morgan-Keenan methods. Those stars named for this element are characterized by a bright red color and a "sooty" atmosphere. With oxygen and nitrogen, thiselementisusedasacatalystintheCNO cycle. For the point, name this element whose allotropes on Earth include graphite and diamond. | Carbon (acceptC) |
| Linear independence of functions is shown by a type of this value called the Wronskian. The Jacobian type of this value is used when changing variables in a multiple integral. This value and the trace appear as coefficients of the characteristic polynomial. Cramer's rule solves systems of equations using ratios of these values, which must equal zero for anon-invertiblematrix.Forthepoint,namethisvaluewhichequals"ADminusBC" for a two-by-two matrix. | Determinant |
| These materials are characterized by possessing small but finite band gaps. These materials are divided based on their affinity for holes or electrons into P and N subtypes. These materials can have impurities introduced in a process called doping. The most common types of these materials used in circuits are made from silicon and gallium compounds. For thepoint,namethesematerialswithpropertiesbetweenaninsulatoranda conductor. | Semi-conductors |
| In a book whose title references his opposition to this concept, Paul Feyerabend [["fire"-AH-bend]] proposed the idea of epistemological anarchism. Karl Popper refuted verificationismbyarguingthatideasexaminedwiththisconceptcanbefalsified.TheNovum Organum of Francis Bacon isoftencreditedwithformalizingthisconcept,whichhereferred to as "true induction." For the point, name this concept, which involves testing hypotheses with experiments. | Scientific method |
| Concentrated solutions of this compound known as "high-test" are often used as rocket propellant. A solution of this compound with iron salts called Fenton's reagent is used to treat wastewater, because this oxidizing agent readily disproportionates to form hydroxyl radicals. This is the simplest molecule with an oxygen-oxygen single bond. The enzyme catalase breaks down, for the point, what molecule with formula H2O2, which is a common antiseptic? | Hydrogen Peroxide (acceptH2O2before mentioned;prompt on "Peroxide") |
| In a 2012 study at UCSB, this situation was tested with a piezoelectric [[pee-EH-zoh-"electric"]] "tuning fork." This situation lends its name to a type of quantum situation where a particle is superpositioned into diametric outcomes. This situation was designed to critique the Copenhagen interpretation and imagines a vial of poison that will be released if a particle randomly decays. For the point, name this thought experiment depicting a feline that is both dead and alive. | Schrödinger's Cat |
| This disease's drug-induced variant can be caused by the arrhythmia drug procainamide [[pro-KAY-nih-mide]] and the anti-convulsantphenytoin[[feh-nih-"TOE"-in]]. This disease is the most common cause of Libman-Sacks endocarditis [[en-doh-kar-"DIE"-tis]]. Thisdisease,whichcausesamalar[[MAY-lar]]rash,isworsenedby sunlight exposure. This disease is characterized by the appearance of a "butterfly"markon the face. For the point, name this autoimmune disorder which gets its name from a mark resembling a wolf bite. | Lupus (or SystemLupusErythematosus; orSLE) |