| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Unique phenomena observed in this region include polar plumes and helmet streamers. Solar wind originates from namesake "holes" found in this region. During this layer's namesake "mass ejections," solar flares become more common. Spectrographic analysis of this layer, which sits abovethechromosphere,ledtothediscoveryofhelium.For the point, name this outermost layer of the Sun, thename for which is Latin for "crown." | StellarCorona (or SolarCorona; acceptCoronalholes; acceptCoronal mass ejection) |
| Normality is defined as this quantity divided by the equivalence factor. Colligative [[koh-LIH-gah-tiv]] properties only depend onthisquantityandnotonthepropertiesofthe chemicals involved. This quantityforH+[[H-PLUS]]ionsdeterminesPh[[P-H]].Indiffusion, particles move from areas with high values for this quantity to areas with low values of it. For thepoint,namethisquantitythatcanbemeasuredinmolesperliter,theabundanceofa constituent divided by its total volume. | Concentration (accept MolarConcentration) |
| This high-level language utilizes "duck typing" to make variable type declaration unnecessary. Tim Peters wrote the "Zen of[thislanguage],"alistofnineteencoreprinciples of this language such as "readability counts." This language represents the Boolean [[BOO-lee-an]] operator with the word "and." For the point, name this dynamically-typed computer language, whose name references a Britishcomedy troupe. | Python |
| Joseph Lister made some of the first practical applications of this theory with his antiseptics. Despite being demonstrated by Muslim doctors like Avicenna [[ah-vee-SEH-nah]], this theory was originally discounted in favor of Galen's [[GAY-lens]] miasma [[mee-AZ-muh]] theoryinpre-modernEurope.LouisPasteuristhefatherof,forthe point, what currently accepted theory of infectious transmission, which holds thatdiseases are spread by pathogens? | GermTheory of Disease |
| This scientist's lectures were collected in the books Six Easy Pieces and Six Not So EasyPieces.Thisscientistpresagedthefieldofnanotechnologyinthelecture"There’sPlenty of Room at the Bottom." The title of this scientist's autobiography starts with the phrase Surely You're Joking. This scientist developed the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics. For the point, name this Caltech physicist, whose namesake diagrams depict particle behavior with arrows and squiggly lines. | RichardFeynman (or Richard PhillipsFeynman;acceptFeynmandiagram; acceptSurely You're Joking, Mr.Feynman!) |
| Frictional forces in this region cause zonal and meridional [[meh-RIH-dee-uh-nal]] flow regimes. This region can be depicted with the three-cell model, which includes the Hadley Cells. This layer extends for eleven miles abovesealevelattheequator,endingatits "pause." Most of the Earth's weather occurs in this layer, which also has the majorityofthe atmosphere's mass. For the point, name this lowestlayer of the atmosphere. | Troposphere (prompt on "tropopause") |
| Due to exhibiting this phenomenon, an experiment carried out by Thomas Young helped prove the wave nature of light. The Davisson–Germer experiment used scattering and this phenomenon to demonstrate the wave-particle duality of electrons.AnAirydiskis a type of this phenomenon's patterns caused by a circular aperture. For the point, identify this phenomenon in which a light beam bends afterencountering a barrier or opening. | Diffraction |
| Due to a type of heating caused by these phenomena, volcanism is possible on Jupiter's moon Io [["EYE"-oh]]. The namesake "locking" of thesephenomenaoccurswhena body's rotationandorbitbecomesynchronized.OnEarth,thesephenomenaarestrongestat a syzygy [[SIH-zih-jee]] and are called "springs," while the weakest types of these phenomena are called "neaps." These phenomena are caused by the gravity of the Sun and Moon on the ocean. For the point, name this regularrising and falling of ocean water. | OceanTides (orTidalForces; acceptTidallocking; acceptTidalheating, working, or flexing; accept Springtide; accept Neaptide) |
| This scientist used the Platonic solids to defend Copernicus in his Mysterium Cosmographicum [[kahs-moh-GRAH-fee-kum]]. This scientist names a law that states equal area is "swept out" in equal time by an orbiting body. This assistant to Tycho Brahe [["TIE"-koh BRAH-heh]] was the first to demonstrate that a planet's orbit is an ellipsewith two foci [[FOH-kai]]. For the point, name this Germanastronomerwhonamesthreelawsof planetary motion. | JohannesKepler (acceptKepler's laws of planetarymotion; acceptKepler's Second law of planetary motion) |
| These were the first animals used in Richard G. Morris's spatial memory water navigation tasks. These animals ran into a wall to make the namesake sound of Harvey Carr's "kerplunk" experiment. ThiswasthefirstanimalthatLittleAlbertwasconditionedto fear byJohnWatson.Forthepoint,nametheserodentswhoareoftenputthroughnamesake "races" in mazes as part of learning studies. | Rats (acceptRatrace; prompt on "rodent";do not accept or prompt on "mice" or "mouse") |
| Underscattering is not used with these devices as part of the dark-field method. Probe varieties ofthesedevicesuseapiezoelectric[[pee-YEH-zoh-"electric"]]actuatortipto map outsurfaces.Extremelysensitivevarietiesofthesedevicesincludetheatomicforceand electron tunneling varieties. Samples examined with these devices are typicallyplacedona glass slide. For the point, name this lab device thatis used to view small things. | Microscope (accept Dark-FieldMicroscope;accept Scanning ProbeMicroscope; accept Atomic ForceMicroscope; accept Electron TunnelingMicroscope; accept Compound Microscope; acceptMicroscopyin place ofMicroscope) |
| When k equals set size, the total number of combinations can be found by dividing this function of n over this function of k times thisfunctionofthedifferencebetweennand k. Applying this functiontongivesthenumberofpermutationsfornuniqueobjects.Forthe point, name this function symbolized byanexclamationpoint,whichisequaltotheproduct of all positive integers below a certain value. | Factorial |
| In plants, this nutrient is synthesized by the shikimate [[shee-kee-MAH-teh]] pathway. The antibiotic trimethoprim [["try"-MEH-thoh-prim]] works by targeting the synthesis of this nutrient. Like cobalamin [[koh-BAH-lah-min]], this nutrientisessentialfor one-carbon transfer oxidations. This nutrient is added to enriched grains to prevent a namesake kind of megaloblastic anemia. Deficiency of this vitamin during early pregnancy can lead to neuraltubedefects.Forthepoint,namethisBvitaminwhosenamederivesfrom being found in green leafy vegetables. | Folate (orFolic Acid; orFolacin; acceptVitaminB9; acceptTetrahydrofolate; prompt on Vitamin "B") |
| Along with adhesive forces, this phenomenon is responsible for capillary [[KAP-ih-lay-ree]] action. This phenomenon is possible when a liquid's cohesion is greater than itsadhesion.Thisphenomenonisusedbywaterstriderstowalkonthesurfaceoflakes and ponds. This phenomenon, which gives bubbles their shape, is weakened bysurfactants like detergents. For the point, name this force thatholds water into droplets. | Surface Tension (prompt on "tension") |
| During the Crimean War, this English scientist broke Vigenère's [[veezh-NEHRS]] autokey cipher. Ada Lovelace is best known for developing punch cards for a proposed invention madebythisscientist.In1991,theScienceMuseuminLondoncreatedareplicaof the difference engine based on this man's notes. For the point, name this British mathematician and early computer scientist, the inventorof the analytical engine. | CharlesBabbage (acceptBabbage's differenceengine,Babbage's analytical engine, orBabbage's engine) |
| The cloverleaf form of a certain macromolecule binds to the e-site of these structures. These structures are composed of "small" and "large" subunits,andcancomein free and membrane-bound varieties. The biogenesis of these structures occurs in the nucleolus. Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum are distinguished by the presence of these structures, which serve as the site of RNA translation. For the point, name these macromolecular machines that synthesize proteins. | Ribosomes (accept Small or LargeRibosomalsubunit; accept Freeribosome; accept Membrane-boundribosome; accept Attachedribosome) |
| This technology was first used commercially by Thomas Savery, who used it to remove water from mines. Thomas Newcomen created a version ofthistechnologycapable of giving continuous power through the use of pistons. This technology wasproliferatedby James Watt and is frequently held to have kicked off the industrial revolution by powering factories andtrains.Forthepoint,namethistechnology,atypeofenginepoweredbyboiling water. | SteamEngine (acceptSteampump; acceptSteampower; prompt on "engine") |
| Umbraphiles are people who travel around the world to observe these events. The change in the expected position of two stars during one of these events helped prove the existence of gravitational lensing. Baily's Beads are formed by light shining through the Moon's valleys during these events. For the point, name these events, whose total variety occurs when the Moon almost entirely blocks out theSun. | Solar Eclipse (acceptEclipseof theSun;accept TotalSolar Eclipse; prompt on "eclipse"; do not accept or prompt on "Lunar Eclipse") |
| A breath test for this compound can be used to assess stomach ulcer risk and the presence of H. pylori [[H-"pie"-LOH-ree]]. With water, this compound is the end product of the Bosch-Meiser [[BOSH-MY-zer]] process. Friedrich Wohler [[VOH-luh]] disproved vitalism by inorganically synthesizing this compound. This compound's namesake cycle forms it by combining two molecules of ammonia withoneofcarbondioxide.Forthepoint, name this compound used in nitrogen excretion, whichis found in urine. | Urea (orCarbamide; acceptUreacycle) |
| Similar to alternators, these devices can be divided into brushed and brushless varieties. Permanent magnet varieties of these devices lack field windings.AnH-bridgecan be used to allow the DC type of these devices to run forward or backward. These devices create torque from a rotor mounted in a stator. For the point, namethistypeofmotorused to power the Nissan Leaf and Tesla Model 3. | Electric Motor (accept Brushed or BrushlessDCelectric motor; accept Permanent Magnetelectric motor; accept DCelectricmotor; prompt on "motor") |
| One theory of the weak force posits that these particles can absorb and release W bosons, causing color change. Due to the phenomenon ofcolorconfinement,theseparticles cannot exist on their own. These particles, which have negative one-third or positive two-thirds charges, come in six flavors, including top, bottom, and strange. For the point, name these fundamental particles which make up protonsand neutrons. | Quarks (accept Top, Bottom, or Strangequarks) |
| The "shocked" variety of this mineral is used as evidenceformajormeteorimpacts, such as the crater at Chicxulub [["CHICK"-soo-loob]]. This mineral is a seven on the Mohs hardness scale and notably exhibitspiezo[[pee-YEH-zoh]]-electricity.Thismineral,whichis commonly found in sands, has an electric current passed through it to keep time in many watches. For the point, name this mineral whose chemicalname is silicon dioxide. | Quartz (accept Shockedquartz; acceptSiliconDioxidebefore mentioned; prompt on "silica") |
| The BdGPL-2 fungus causes chytridiomycosis [[kye-trih-dee-oh-my-KOH-sis]] infections and mass die-offs of members of this class. Legless members of this class are called caecilians [[kah-SEE-lee-uns]]. Like reptiles, members of this class possess a three-chambered heart. Most members of this class undergo a metamorphosisfromhaving gills to air-breathing lungs. For the point, name this class of vertebrates that includes salamanders and frogs, whose members live on bothland and water. | Amphibians (orAmphibia; acceptCaeciliansbefore "class") |
| Following groundwater intrusion, these objects can release maars. When formed under an ice sheet, these objects can form tuyas. Most of the destruction caused by these objects is the result of pyroclastic flows. When releasing low viscosity material, these objects can form their "shield" variety. Commonly forming over hot spots and magma chambers, for the point, what are these mountainsthat can erupt and release lava? | Volcanoes (accept Shieldvolcano; prompt on"mountains") |
| The necessity of a transplant for this organ is determined usingBanffclassification. This organ's glomerulus [[gloh-MEHR-yoo-luss]] is composed of small tufts of capillaries and is enclosedbyBowman'scapsule.Thisorgancreatesacountercurrentgradientwiththe loop of Henle. Thisorgan'sfunctionalunitsarecallednephrons,andfailureofthisorgancan require the use of dialysis. For the point,namethisbean-shapedfiltrationorganthatcomes in pairs. | Kidneys |
| While in Sweden, this man published his work Passions of the Soul, and this man passed away after only giving Queen Cristina a few privatelessons.Thisso-called"fatherof analytical geometry" lends his name to the "coordinate system," and thisman'sMeditations on First Philosophy contains the saying "cogito ergo sum" [[KOH-gee-toh EHR-goh SOOM]], or "I think, therefore I am." For the point, namethis French mathematician and philosopher. | RenéDescartes[[day-KAHRT]] (or RenatusCartesius;prompt on "Cartesian coordinates") |
| The mineral form of this element's sulfide is the ore Galena [[gah-LEE-nah]]. This element's tetra-ethyl compound was formerlywidelyusedasagasolineanti-knockadditive. This element is used in radiometric dating because both thorium and uranium ultimately decay into it. This element is used in radiation shields for X-raysduetoitshighdensity.For the point, name this toxic heavy metal whose atomicsymbol is Pb. | Lead (acceptPbbefore mentioned) |
| OnetypeofthisquantitynamedforGibbsisequaltoaheatenginevarietydefinedas SQ over T. This quantity is conserved in microscopic reversible processes,butismonotonic [[mah-noh-TAH-nik]] in macroscopic processes. According to the Boltzmann–Planck equation,thisquantityisequaltoklogW.Foraperfectcrystalatabsolutezero,thisquantity equals zero. For the point, name this quantity, themeasure of total disorder in a system. | Entropy (accept Gibbsentropy; prompt on "S") |
| This planet's irregular moons are divided into Inuit [[IN-yoo-it]], Norse, and Gallic groups. This planet is orbited by a moon with a possibleringsystem,Rhea[[REH-ah]].This planet is orbited by a moon with icy geyser structures, which were sampled by the Cassini Orbiter. Another moon orbiting this planet is the only known moon to possess its own atmosphere. For the point, name this sixth planet from the sun, which is orbited by a brilliant ring system. | Saturn |
| Rapidly cooling liquified forms of this element can produce its amorphous "plastic" allotrope. Lapis lazuli's [[LAH-pis LAHZ-yoo-lees]] blue color comes from this element's negatively charged thiozone [["THIGH"-oh-"zone"]] ion. This element is used to strengthen rubber through vulcanization. When bonded to two hydrogen atoms, this element makes a compound that smells like rotten eggs. For the point, name this chalcogen [[KAL-soh-jen]] with atomic number 16. | Sulfur (orS; acceptBrimstone; accept Plasticsulfur) |
| This process names a syndrome associated with neuralcrestcellfunctionandtraits such as spots and floppy ears. AteamledbyDmitryBelyayev[[bel-YAH-yef]]hasperformed studies of this process using silver foxes. Unlike taming, this process is inheritable. For the point, name this process by which humans intentionally alter animals to be useful, which resulted in modern dogs arising from a wolf-like ancestor. | Domestication (accept answers referring todomesticanimals; do not accept or prompt on "taming" or similar answers) |