| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A 1999 mission to study the climate of this body was lost due to a miscommunication regarding Imperial and metric units. Extensive soil tests were performed on this body by the Viking landers. The Spirit and Opportunity rovers transmitted extensive data from, for the point, what fourth planet from the sun? | Mars |
| These phenomena are the most common disorders treated with split-brain procedures. The febrile type of these phenomena occur in children with high fevers. Muscle spasms and unconsciousness typify a type of this phenomenon known as grand mal. For the point, name these convulsion events, the defining characteristic of epilepsy. | Seizures (accept specific seizure types like Grand Mal Seizure before mentioned; prompt on "Convulsions") |
| This class of animals vocalizes through the use of a syrinx which can produce especially variable sounds in mynahs and conures. Members of this class of animals have four-chambered hearts and, though warm-blooded, are descended from dinosaurs. For the point, name this general class of vertebrates whose bones are typically hollow to enable flight. | Birds (or Avians; or Aves; accept Mynah Birds; accept Conure Birds) |
| This U.S. state is home to the Hale Telescope, which was the world's largest when it was constructed at this state's Palomar Observatory. Ernest Lawrence invented the cyclotron at a university in this state that won a Nobel Prize for discovering plutonium and uranium under Glenn Seaborg. For the point, identify this U.S. state where Berkelium and a namesake element were discovered. | California |
| This element's methyl compounds bio-accumulate in fish and other seafood. Atmospheric pressure can be measured in millimeters of this element, and alloys of this element are commonly known as amalgams. Remaining liquid at room temperature this is, for the point, what transition metal that has largely been replaced by colored alcohol in glass thermometers? | Mercury (or Hg; accept Mercury Methyl Compounds; accept Millimeters of Mercury) |
| This person recorded their best known achievement in the journal 20 Hrs., 40 Min.. This person is the namesake of the scholarship fund awarded by a women's organization known as the Ninety-Nines. This person was last seen traveling from New Guinea with navigator Fred Noonan. For the point, name this female aviator who disappeared in 1937. | Amelia Mary Earhart |
| This molecule is silenced by proteins in the Argonaute family. Micro and small interfering variants of this molecule are noncoding, and one type of this molecule links amino acids to form proteins. Ribosomal, messenger, and transfer are types of, for the point, what single-stranded nucleic acid that does not contain deoxyribose? | RNA (or Ribonucleic Acid; accept RNA Interference or miRNA or siRNA or microRNA or Small Interfering RNA or rRNA or tRNA or mRNA or Ribosomal RNA or Transfer RNA or Messenger RNA) |
| The positive displacement type of these devices continuously trap and move small amounts of fluids. The diaphragm type of these devices alternates fluid motion between two chambers separated by a flexible rubber seal. Pressure is reduced in the vacuum type of these devices, and reciprocal examples of these devices power hand-operated wells. For the point, name these devices used to inflate tires. | Pump (accept Positive Displacement Pump; accept Diaphragm Pump; accept Vacuum Pump; accept Reciprocating Pump; accept Tire Pump) |
| Instabilities in these objects can become swing-amplified, and these objects may be formed via Lindblad resonances. One type of these objects has a flattened rotation curve and appears in the upper part of the Hubble tuning fork. Spiral, elliptical, and irregular are major types of, for the point, what type of galactic objects exemplified by Andromeda and the Milky Way? | Galaxy (or Galaxies; accept specific types of Galaxies before mentioned) |
| This man’s namesake transformation converts between coordinate systems that differ only by relative motion. This scientist was the first to formalize the concept of inertia, and he is famous for making discoveries that supported Copernicus’s heliocentric theory. For the point, name this Italian polymath who improved the telescope. | Galileo Galilei (accept either; accept Galilean Invariance; accept Galilean Transformation; accept Galilean Moons) |
| This molecule and water are produced in the Sabatier process, and this molecule and carbon dioxide are the main components of biogas [[BIO-gas]]. This molecule is the main constituent of natural gas, and it is emitted from volcanoes and swamps. For the point, identify this simplest alkane with formula CH4. | Methane (accept CH4 before mentioned) |
| The constellation Sagittarius is identified by this number in the Messier catalogue. This number is the smallest even two-digit number whose digits sum to 10. This number is the atomic number of Nickel, as well as the number of days in two fortnights. For the point, identify this number, the product of 4 times 7. | |
| Serum is a colorless component of this substance. An inability of the body to perform that process within this substance can result in hemophilia. Clotting is a process that takes place in, for the point, what substance within the human body composed of cells and plasma that is classified in types such as O negative? | Blood (accept Blood Clot; accept Blood Type) |
| Neurobiological models of these phenomena include the activation-synthesis, and control is maintained in the lucid type of these phenomena. Sigmund Freud divided these occurrences into manifest and latent content in a book titled for their interpretation. Associated with REM sleep, these are, for the point, what nighttime occurrences, terrifying varieties of which are called nightmares? | Dreams (accept Nightmares before read) |
| The Cassini-Huygens [[HOY-genz]] space-research mission discovered many of its physical features, including the String of Pearls and Great White Spot. The second-largest moon of this planet is called Rhea, and other moons of this planet include Enceladus. Titan is the largest moon of, for the point, what sixth planet from the Sun, located between Jupiter and Uranus? | Saturn |
| The shell model of this structure predicts islands of stability in isotopes with large magic numbers that have a higher average binding energy. A famous experiment discovered this structure by firing alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil. For the point, name this structure at the center of the atom. | Atomic Nucleus (or Atomic Nuclei) |
| One of these products invented by Alexey Pajitnov is sometimes used to disrupt visual memory. Congressional hearings concerning these objects questioned whether they cause children to engage in violence, and these products are given ratings based on their content by the ESRB. For the point, name these entertainment products produced by companies such as EA and Nintendo. | Video Games (prompt on "Games") |
| Archimedes explained this natural phenomenon using the center of mass of a triangle. Vitruvius explained this naturally occurring phenomenon by publishing De Architectura, and Galileo Galilei apocryphally demonstrated this natural phenomenon by dropping two balls from the same height. For the point, name this natural force that explains why objects fall. | Gravity (or Gravitation; or G) |
| German shelters called schneekragens [[SHNEEK-rah-gins]] guard against these phenomena by offering safe corridors. Terrain, weather, and packing of a certain material are part of a three-part model of this phenomenon that can occur in slab and powder types. Loud noises and other disturbances can trigger, for the point, what destructive natural phenomenon also called a snow slide? | Avalanches (accept Slab Avalanche; accept Powder Snow Avalanche; accept Snow Slide before mentioned) |
| A condition affecting this organ is named for physician Norman Barrett. Another condition of this organ can be prevented with H2 receptor or proton pump inhibitors and by avoiding spicy foods. Stomach acid enters this organ in acid reflux and GERD [[GURD]]. For the point, identify this tubular organ that transports food from the mouth to the stomach. | Esophagus |
| The boundary between part of this region and its upper neighbor is sometimes named for Keith Bullen or Inge Lehmann. Analysis of seismic waves and the magnetic field have determined the outer portion of this layer is likely a solid ball composed of a nickel-iron alloy. For the point, identify this innermost geologic layer of Earth. | Earth's Core (accept Inner Core; accept Outer Core) |
| One of these animals orbited the Earth aboard Sputnik 2, becoming the first animal in space. These animals were the subject of an experiment in which they developed an association between meat powder and a ringing bell that resulted in their salivation. Ivan Pavlov studied, for the point, what domestic animals that belong to the canine family? | Dogs (accept Canines or Canids before mentioned; accept Laika; accept Pavlov's Dogs) |
| This substance is the primary prolactin inhibitory factor, and this substance is broken down by monoamine oxidase. Most production of this substance occurs in the substantia nigra, and this neurotransmitter is under-produced in Parkinson’s disease. For the point, name this neurotransmitter that is central to the brain’s pleasure and reward systems. | Dopamine |
| One of these structures was subject to a stress test at its opening by a team of elephants led by P.T. Barnum. A poorly designed one of these structures nicknamed Galloping Gertie collapsed due to failure caused by resonance. Cantilever and suspension, are types of, for the point, what structures that Roman engineers designed to span the Danube and Tiber Rivers? | Bridges (accept Cantilevered Bridges; accept Suspension Bridges) |
| This planet’s orbit marks the outer limit of the asteroid belt. An Italian scientist discovered four moons of this planet in the 17th century, including Ganymede and Europa. Galileo built a telescope to observe this planet, which is known for its Great Red Spot. For the point, name this fifth planet from the sun, the largest in the solar system. | Jupiter |
| Temperature increases with elevation in this layer of the atmosphere until its upper boundary, where the ozone layer can be found. In this layer of the atmosphere, certain cirrus clouds can occur above the tropopause. For the point, name this atmospheric layer where U2 spy planes have operated for decades and from which the extreme sport athlete Felix Baumgartner jumped and survived. | Stratosphere |
| The cirque and valley-head are types of these formations. Ridges protruding from these formations are called nunataks, and the thermal state of these formations makes them either temperate or polar. These formations move via basal sliding, and their leftover deposits are called eskers. For the point, identify these slow-moving formations of ice. | Glaciers |
| This phenomenon is usually accompanied by eastern movement of atmospheric convection. This weather pattern is the warm phase of a southern oscillation named for it, and it is responsible for the seasonal rise of ocean temperatures. For the point, identify this warm weather pattern, which is contrasted with La Niña and named for the Spanish for "the boy." | El Niño (or El Nino-Southern Oscillation; or ENSO) |
| A form of this process on the planet Venus resulted in an atmosphere of 96% carbon dioxide. The opposite of this process has been observed on Titan, where the moon’s surface temperature is reduced by 9 degrees Kelvin. For the point, name this effect by which atmospheric radiation warms the surface of the planet by trapping the sun's heat. | Greenhouse Effect |
| An experiment on these subjects utilized a checkered carpet, a transparent glass table, and a ramp. That Visual Cliff experiment was conducted on these subjects, and another researcher hid toys from these subjects using a blanket to demonstrate their lack of object permanence. For the point, name these young humans used as research subjects by developmental psychologists. | Babies (or Infants; prompt on "Children" or similar answers) |
| This quantity is the time integral of the impulse, and Coulomb’s law states that one type of this quantity between two objects is inversely proportional to their distance squared. This vector quantity is equal to mass times acceleration, according to Newton’s second law of motion. For the point, name this vector quantity, examples of which include pushes and pulls. | Force (or F; accept Gravity or Gravitational force; accept Electrostatic force; prompt on “electric”) |
| An object known as SN 1604 is named after this man, who described it in his De Stella Nova. Astronomiae Pars Optica is a work by this scientist who wrote an essay to Ferdinand II in which he proposed a force-based theory of lunar motion. For the point, name this polymath who published three laws of planetary motion. | Johannes Kepler |