| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This group’s success led opponents to appeal in the case Cooper v. Aaron. A plan submitted by Virgil Blossom led to the formation of this group that included Ernest Green. This group was obstructed by the National Guard of Orval Faubus until Dwight Eisenhower deployed paratroopers to protect them. For the point, name this group of students that walked into an integrated high school in Arkansas. | Little Rock Nine |
| This event was preceded by the failed detonation of a brandy bomb on a plane. The Reserve Army was activated in this event, which was planned by Henning von Tresckow and Friedrich Olbricht. This event’s main perpetrator cried “Long live holy Germany!” before he was executed for planting a bomb at the Wolf’s Lair. For the point, name this 1944 plot in which Claus von Stauffenberg nearly killed a Nazi leader. | Operation Valkyrie (accept descriptions of an attempt to kill Adolf Hitler) |
| This man was aided by Zanzibar slave trader Tippu Tip during his trek across Africa. The Congo River was discovered by this man, who claimed surrounding lands for King Leopold of Belgium. In a more famous adventure, this man was hired by the New York Herald to locate a disappeared missionary at Lake Tanganyika. For the point, name this explorer who asked, “Dr. Livingston, I presume?” | Henry Morton Stanley |
| This religious group was spread by the “Valiant Sixty” which included George Whitehead. While a missionary for this group, Mary Fisher was tried for witchcraft and banished from Massachusetts. A colony founded by a member of this religion was created out of a royal charter granted by Charles II. Pennsylvania provided religious freedom to, for the point, what religious group known for their pacifism? | Quakers (or the Religious Society of Friends; accept Friends Church) |
| This man developed a “tuning fork diagram” which divides galaxies into four classes. While at the Mount Wilson Observatory, this man determined that objects considered nebulae were too far away to be part of the Milky Way. This man developed a law that states objects in deep space had red shift thus showing the expansion of the universe. For the point, name this American astronomer who names a space telescope. | Edwin Hubble |
| This man allowed Native Americans to become citizens if they moved onto tribal land after signing the Dawes Act. When the Army of the Commonwealth of Christ trespassed on the White House lawn, this man gave orders to arrest Jacob Coxey. This man’s tenure was divided by the presidency of Benjamin Harrison. For the point, name this president who served two non-consecutive terms. | Grover Cleveland |
| This governing body first convened as a result of the October Manifesto of reforms. This governing body and the Federation Council now make up the Federal Assembly, a hundred years after Nicholas II convened it in 1906 to calm protesters. A majority of this governing body’s seats belong to the United party of Vladimir Putin. For the point, give the name of Russia’s lower Parliament. | State Duma (prompt on descriptions of (Russian) Parliament) |
| This battle caused Congress to add a “sell or starve” provision to an existing bill. Scouts under White Man Runs Him angered the commander of this battle by removing their uniforms so they could die as warriors. This majority of the American casualties in the Great Sioux War occurred at this battle. For the point, name this 1876 battle where forces under Crazy Horse killed George Custer. | Battle of Little Bighorn (accept Custer’s Last Stand before Custer is read; accept Battle of the Greasy Grass) |
| This country was created after successful talks with Abeid Kurume. The Kagera region of this country was invaded by Uganda’s Idi Amin, a war that led to his downfall. This country forced villagers to collectivize as part of its policy of ujamaa during the tenure of the first president, Julius Nyerere. For the point, name this country formed from a merger of Zanzibar and Tanganyika. | Republic of Tanzania |
| This battle featured Queen Artemisia ramming friendly ships in order to carve a path for her escape. The spy Sicinnus helped entice the enemy fleet into the Saronic Gulf in this battle. Victory in this battle was masterminded by Themistocles a few days after news of Sparta’s defeat at Thermopylae. For the point, name this 480 BC naval battle in which Athens prevailed over Persia. | Battle of Salamis |
| This man’s last words allegedly asked for a rooster to be returned to Asclepius after he turned down numerous pleas from Crito to escape prison. This man committed suicide by drinking hemlock after this self-described gadfly was accused of corrupting the youth of Athens. He declared that “the unexamined life is not worth living.” For the point, name this Greek philosopher who tutored Plato. | Socrates |
| This man may have established the first jury system after issuing the Wantage Code. This man’s naval forces were overwhelmed at the battle of Maldon during one foreign invasion. Refusing to pay the Danegeld tribute, this man ordered the St. Brice’s Day Massacre of Danish subjects, leading Sweyn Forkbeard to overthrow him. For the point, name this English king whose nickname highlights his poor preparation. | Aethelred the Unready (accept Aethelred II) |
| This man commanded the Vladimir during the tale-end of his career in the service of Catherine the Great. At the battle of Flamborough Head, this man rammed the Serapis causing its commander to quip “has your ship struck?” For the point, name this captain of the Bonhomme Richard who, in one battle, exclaimed “I have not yet begun to fight!” | John Paul Jones (accept either underlined name) |
| This system argues for the usage of “two handles,” punishment and reward, to regulate government officials. The Book of Lord Shang is an early manuscript of this system and warned against the inherent evil of humans. Han Feizi was an advocate of this system that proscribed excessive punishments to serve as a deterrent. For the point, name this harsh philosophy adopted by the Qin [chin] dynasty. | legalism (accept fajia) |
| This man helped head the Commission for Relief in Belgium, drawing on his experience as head of the Food Administration in World War I. This man sent Douglas MacArthur to break up disgruntled veterans during the protest of the Bonus Army. Shantytowns became known as this president’s “villes” after an economic downturn. For the point, name this president who faced the beginning of the Great Depression. | Herbert Hoover |
| This work’s second movement borrows a theme from Mozart’s 40th symphony. Thanks to the symbolism of the letter V, this symphony was known as the “victory symphony” during World War II. This symphony’s opening has often been called “fate knocking at the door.” Played in C-minor, for the point, name this Beethoven symphony that begins with a “short short short long” motif. | Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony (accept Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Opus 67; “Beethoven” not needed after mentioned) |
| This battle’s losing commander launched a surprise attack that ended up being bogged down in the rain, the “Mud March.” During this battle, one side’s failure to set up pontoon bridges allowed the winning side to successfully fortify Marye’s Heights. This battle began when Ambrose Burnside’s Army of the Potomac crossed the Rappahannock. For the point, name this 1862 victory for Robert E. Lee in Virginia. | Battle of Fredericksburg |
| These people began the King Movement to elect their first ruler Potatau I, but they began infighting after receiving Western weapons in the Musket Wars. These people signed away some of their sovereignty to William Hobson in the controversial Treaty of Waitangi. Customs of these people include the ta moko tattoos and haka war dance. For the point, name this indigenous group of New Zealand. | Maori (prompt on indigenous New Zealanders before mentioned; do not accept or prompt on aborigines) |
| This president was mocked for suggesting carpooling and vegetable gardens to “whip inflation now.” This man promised an end to “our long national nightmare” after his inauguration, but instead angered the public when he controversially pardoned his predecessor. This man was thus defeated in a 1976 election by Jimmy Carter. For the point, name this man who became president after Nixon’s resignation. | Gerald Ford (or Leslie King) |
| This man ran the world’s first political campaign in Midlothian. After his failure to respond to the Sudan crisis, this man was nicknamed the “M.O.G,” or “Murderer of Gordon” in a play around his usual nickname “Grand Old Man.” Though this man attempted to work with Charles Parnell, his Second Irish Home Rule bill was shot down in 1893. For the point, name this Liberal rival of Benjamin Disraeli. | William Ewart Gladstone |
| This document was a follow up to the Second Confiscation Act, which created a sixty day period before violators were subject to criminal proceedings. Horace Greeley advocated for this document in “The Prayer of Twenty Million.” A Union victory at Antietam emboldened the formulator of this document. For the point, name this executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln which freed the slaves in Confederate territory. | Emancipation Proclamation (accept Proclamation 95) |
| This type of creature says it stopped to help a rabbit clinging to a log while explaining why it came fifth in the Great Race. In Journey to the West, Sun Wukong is given a magic staff by a king of these creatures. The final flag of the Qing dynasty featured an azure one of these creatures. For the point, name these lengthy mythological creatures commonly used as a symbol of the Chinese Emperor. | dragons (accept long) |
| This monarch’s reputation was hurt after accepting jewelry from cardinal Rohan in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace. This woman’s attempts to escape with her husband were thwarted by border police at Varennes. This woman was disliked for her Austrian descent and accused of using the phrase “Let them eat cake” to describe starving French peasants. For the point, name this wife of Louis XVI. | Marie Antoinette (or Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna) |
| This man was sacked from the army after feuding with Peleg Wadsworth during the disastrous Penobscot Expedition. William Dawes abandoned this man on his most famous trek after encountering an enemy patrol. After seeing lanterns at the Old North Church, this man rode into the countryside to warn of British troops. For the point, name this colonial silversmith who performed a famous “midnight ride.” | Paul Revere |
| This man’s death was memorialized by the phrase “the light has gone out of our lives” after he was killed by Nathuram Godse. This man fought for swaraj, or self rule, and this man’s Salt March to Dandi was inspired by satyagraha, or nonviolence. This leader of the Congress party tutored Jawaharlal Nehru. For the point, name this “great soul” who fought for Indian independence. | Mohandas Gandhi (or Mahatma Gandhi; prompt on Gandhi) Extra Tossups |
| This man’s absence at the Battle of Gettysburg was caused by his efforts to defeat Alfred Pleasanton at the battle of Brandy Station. This man was killed at the Battle of Yellow Tavern. During his service, he was known as the eyes and ears of Robert E. Lee’s army. For the point, name this Confederate cavalry commander for whom a British light tank is named. | James Ewell Brown Stuart (accept J.E.B. Stuart) |
| These people were provoked into a war with Lord Chelmsford that resulted in their defeat at Rorkes Drift and the burning of the capital at Ulundi. The buffalo horns formation pioneered by these people allowed them to win the battle of Isandlwana. An empire of these people was annexed by the British after it was first established by Shaka. For the point, name these native warrior people of South Africa. | Zulu people |