| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| One member of this family wrote the work War or Peace, which promoted liberation as an alternative to containment. One member of this family was a director of United Fruit at the same time that another member, a former attorney for that company, advised the president to launch the overthrow of Jacopo Arbenz in Operation PBSUCESS. The latter member of this family organized SEATO and developed the strategy of “massive retaliation” for the Eisenhower administration. For ten points, name this family of CIA director Allen and Secretary of State John Foster, the latter of whom names an international airport in Washington, DC. | Dulles (accept John Foster Dulles, or Allen Dulles, or Washington Dulles International Airport) |
| One leader of a kingdom centered at this city was executed at Castello de Pizzo after an ill-advised expedition that ended at the Battle of Tolentino; that man was Joachim Murat. The Battle of Cerignola confirmed Bourbon Spanish rule of this city, which was abandoned just before the Battle of the Volturnus. A kingdom with capital at this city was ended at the Siege of Gaeta. The Sicilian Vespers removed Sicily from the control of this city, which was targeted by the Expedition of a Thousand. For ten points, name this southern Italian city, the capital of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. | Naples |
| This treaty was preceded by the similar Peace of Passau three years prior. Knights were exempt from this treaty under the Declaratio Ferdinandei, and it followed a failed “Interim” period that was broken by Maurice of Saxony. This treaty, which failed to address the reformed religions of Calvinism and Anabaptism, was signed between the Schmalkaldic League and representatives of Charles V. The principle of cuius regio eius religio was promoted by, for ten points, what 1555 treaty that allowed each prince within the Holy Roman Empire to choose the religion of his territory? | Peace of Augsburg |
| During this war, Mickey Marcus built a supply route out of Hulda whose name was inspired by an earlier supply route out of Burma. After the last battle in this conflict, a handmade flag called the Ink Flag was raised. An armistice to end this war was negotiated by Ralph Bunche, who took the position of UN mediator after Folke Bernadotte was assassinated by the terrorist group Lehi. As a result of this war, Egypt occupied the Gaza Strip and their opponent expanded beyond the Partition Plan’s boundaries. For ten points, name this war in which Israel repelled an invasion by its neighbors right after it declared independence. | First Arab-Israeli War (or Arab-Israeli War of 1948; or Israeli War of Independence; or Al-Nakba) |
| A Time magazine article titled “The Price of Optimism” sarcastically referred to this body of water as “some river” in the same year that Mayor Carl Stokes held a press conference on its shores. A 1969 article misleadingly used a 1952 photo of a destroyed tugboat on this river to support the claims that it was “chocolate-brown, bubbling with subsurface gases.” It is best known for spurring numerous environmental laws after it caught on fire in June 1969. For ten points, name this Ohio river that feeds Lake Erie. | Cuyahoga River |
| One song of this country’s army is about a girl whose shares a name with a flower called “Erika”. All the verses of one song used in this country start with the word “storm” repeated six times. A song from this country, “Forward! Forward!” was first performed in a film about Herbert Norkus. One national anthem of this country was also called “The Flag on High.” A song used by its tank units was featured in the 1965 film Battle of the Bulge. For ten points, name this country whose songs included Vorwarts! Vorwarts!, Horst Wessel Lied, and Panzerlied. | Nazi Germany (or the Third Reich; or Deutschland; or Grossdeutsches Reich) |
| This work begins with a discussion of mbari, muhiriga, and riika, or family, clan and age group. This work discusses its subject’s system of land tenure and discusses the Wakamba and Maasai in addition to its subject. This essay collection, which describes its author’s ethnicity’s contact with colonialism, was written for an anthropology seminar taught by Bronislaw Malinowski, who wrote its preface. For ten points, name this book by Jomo Kenyatta about his native country’s Kikuyu people. | Facing Mount Kenya |
| OnemonumentfromthisempirewasdisplayedatthePortaCapenaasaspoilofwar.SaintFrumentius is credited with Christianizing this empire, which accepted Muslim refugees in the First Hijrah. A major expansion of this empire occurred after it conquered the Himyarite Kingdom under Kaleb. This empire was conquered by Gudit, who established the Zagwe dynasty. The Ark of the Covenant was supposedly brought to the capital city of this empire, though more real artifacts of this empire include many stone stelae [steel-ay]. The Queen of Sheba supposedly lived in, for ten points, what early kingdom in what is now Ethiopia? | Axumite Kingdom (or Aksumite Kingdom; accept empire, etc. for kingdom) |
| Description acceptable. The subject of this event ominously noted “If someone has decided to drown, it is no longer possible to save them,” rather than choose between saving either of two world leaders. The 2016 iteration of this event, the 14th overall, opened with an oblique reference to a “pothole fairy” and resulted in road crews being immediately sent to Omsk. This event usually takes several hours, and the content of the event is believed to be vetted before hand, though the Kremlin Press Secretary denies that. For ten points, name this annual event in which citizens can immediately pass their concerns on to a certain head of state. | Direct Line with Vladimir Putin (accept descriptions of “the TV show in which Russians call (or e-mail or otherwise communicate with), asking questions for Vladimir Putin”) |
| In this location, Kolgrim was accused of using sorcery to seduce the wife of Torgrim; he was burned at the stake after his trial at a thingstead in the city of Gardar, where Norse settlers established a bishopric in 1126. Claus Paarss founded a fort at Godt-Haab in this location. The Brattahild was Erik the Red’s estate on this island, whose name he devised as a marketing ploy. For ten points, name this largest non-continental island in the world, home to a country whose government system continues to include some Danish control. | Greenland or Kalaallit Nunaat |
| In this year, Maryland senator Charles Mathias criticized his party’s drift towards radicalism and considered a primary run. John Tower was chosen to manage one candidate’s campaign at his party’s nominating convention in this year, only to not be chosen as a delegate after his candidate lost Texas. This year was the most recent in which no candidate won enough delegates to automatically become the nominee. For ten points, name this year in which the Republican convention resulted in Gerald Ford defeating Ronald Reagan, only to lose the general election to Jimmy Carter. | |
| This man’s campaign manager Stephen Dorsey was implicated in the Star Routes scandal, leading to investigation by his attorney general Wayne MacVeagh. This man’s choice of William Robertson to replace Edwin Merritt to be Collector of the Port of New York brought this man into conflict with pro-patronage figures like Senator Roscoe Conkling. For ten points, name this president assassinated in 1880 by Charles Guiteau, thus promoting Grover Cleveland to become president. | James Abram Garfield |
| At a protest opposing the visit of Mohammed Reza Shah Pahlavi in this year, Freie Universitant Berlin students Benno Ohnesorg was shot by police, leading to the formation of the 2 June Movement. In this year, students from the University of Rome, Sapienza had a skirmish with police officers in the Battle of Valle Giulia. A protest in May of this year by Sorbonne students led to a national crisis that culminated in Charles de Gaulle feeling the country. For ten points, name this year whose student protests helped lead to liberalization movements like Prague Spring. | |
| Elena Poniatowska wrote about what 1968 massacre of protesting students in Mexico City’s Plaza de las Tres Culturas, which took place ten days before the Mexico City hosted the Olympics? | Tlatelolco Massacre |
| Walter Brown banned Koreans from entering this sporting competition during the Korean War. Father-son team Dick and Rick Hoyt have participated in this event every year since 1982. On an incline in this competition, John Kelley gave Ellison Brown a pat on his shoulder, leading to Brown to come back and win it in 1936. Rosie Ruiz attempted to cheat in this competition by bursting out of a crowd. For ten points, name this oldest annual marathon in the U.S., whose finish line on Boylston Street was attacked by the Tsarnaev brothers’ bombings in 2013. | Boston Marathon |
| Near the halfway point on the Boston Marathon, students from what nearby women’s college cheer loudly for runners in the “Scream Tunnel?” | Wellesley College |
| This leader’s Chancellor Nehsi led a five-ship expedition to Punt that was chronicled on the walls of this figure’s Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahri. Though it was originally intended for this ruler’s father, KV20, the first tomb of the Valley of the Kings, became this ruler’s resting place. This figure restored trade networks disrupted in the Second Intermediate Period by the Hyksos. This ruler’s image was removed from monuments by Thutmose III, for whom this pharaoh reigned as regent. For ten points, name this longest reigning female Egyptian pharaoh. | Hatshepsut |
| This phrase describes the process of removing evidence of a ruler from public memory, as was often ordered by the Roman Senate. | damnatio memoriae (prompt on damnatio) |
| With Henry B´erenger, this man names a plan for repaying French war debt. The physical size of dollar bills was reduced by this man, who advocated for a cut from 77% to 24% in the income tax rate for the wealthiest individuals; that may have caused this man, one of those wealthiest individuals, to be investigated for tax fraud by the Roosevelt administration. For ten points, name this Secretary of the Treasury under Calvin Coolidge who, in honor of his father, created an Institute of Industry which merged with a school named for Andrew Carnegie. | Andrew W. Mellon |
| Like Henry Clay Frick and this man, Andrew Mellon served as director of Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce. This man served as Attorney General and Secretary of State. | Philander C. Knox |
| The poem “Zadonschina” wrongly catalogued the numerical strength of the two sides in this battle. This battle hung upon whether or not Mikhail Brenok could draw enough enemy fire. Jogaila failed to arrive in time for this battle that was preceded by the Battle of the Vozha. Oleg II of Ryazan proved to be a fickle ally in this battle that forced Mamai to retreat to Caffa. Though the victor of this battle became celebrated as “Donskoy,” the outcome soon became irrelevant, as Toktamysh reimposed Golden Horde rule upon Dmitri of Moscow. For ten points, name this 1380 victory for the Russians in their quest to throw off Mongol rule. | Battle of Kulikovo |
| The Russian forces at Kulikovo were possibly inspired by the discovery of the remains of this leader, who ironically was a great friend of Sartaq Khan and died while visiting him at Sarai. | Alexander Nevsky |
| In a song about this thing, the singer has “a pocket full of quarters...[he’s] bringing everything he’s made;” that novelty hit by Buckner and Garcia is about a fever named for this game. Level 256 presents this game’s kill screen, causing the maximum score to be 3,333,360, first achieved by Billy Mitchell. The E.T. flop and a horrible port of this game sunk the Atari 2600 and contributed to the video game market crash. Invulnerability and the ability to eat Inky, Pinky, Blinky, and Clyde are granted by power pellets in, for ten points, what classic arcade game whose title character is most of a yellow circle? | Pac-Man |
| According to legend, the release of this other classic arcade game led to a shortage of 100-yen coins in Japan. | Space Invaders |
| While retreating from this battle, Eleazer Wheelock Ripley was blamed for losing a stock of guns and Bridgewater Mills was burned down. A likely American victory in this battle was lost after a water shortage forced troops to go to Chippawa. Gordon Drummond, who replaced Phineas Raill, was wounded and captured at this battle. Both American commanders in this battle, Jacob Brown and Winfield Scott, were injured and halted their advance into Upper Canada and retreated to Fort Erie. For ten points, name this battle near Niagara Falls, the bloodiest battle in modern-day Canada, during the War of 1812. | Battle of Lundy’s Lane (accept Battle of Niagara Falls before mentioned) |
| The Canadian song “The Maple Leaf Forever” quotes that “our brave fathers” were “side by side” at this battle and Lundy’s Lane. Isaac Brock died at this battle on the Niagara Escarpment. | Battle of Queenston Heights |
| This emperor’s father was criticized for excessive devotion to the Empress Xiaoxian [shao-sheahn] and for establishing the eunuch-led Thirteen Offices. A group of bodyguards led by Oboi ruled this man’s minority. Allies who had helped this man’s people defeat Li Zicheng [lee ze-chuhn] fought this man in a revolt when he came to power; those allies were Yunnan, Fujian, and Guangdong. This emperor signed China’s first treaty acknowledging another state as its equal, the Treaty of Nerchinsk, and also defeated the pirate Koxinga. For ten points, name this second Qing [ching] emperor to rule China, the longest reigning Chinese emperor. | Kangxi [kahng-shee] Emperor (or elhe taifin huwangdi, or Enkh Amgalan Khaan) |
| This is the aforementioned revolt by Yunnan, Fujian, and Guangdong against the Kangxi Emperor. It was led by Wu Sangui. | Revolt of the Three Feudatories |
| The cavalry of the losers in this battle were weakened by a glanders infection. One side in this battle reinforced the villages of Oberglau and Lutzingen. A month before this battle, the victors in this battle captured a key supply station at Schellenberg. Along with another commander, Eugene of Savoy defeated troops led by the Duc de Tallard, who was captured during this battle. For ten points, name this major victory for the Grand Alliance that knocked Bavaria out of the War of the Spanish Succession, after which the Duke of Marlborough named his country estate. | Battle of Blenheim |
| Marlborough’s rise to favor was in part due to the influence of this strong-willed woman, Queen Anne’s close friend and adviser. During the war, she kept him updated with court intrigue, while he sent her political advice to be passed to the Queen. | Sarah Jennings, Duchess of Marlborough (accept either) |
| A 2005 Supreme Court case ruled against Norwegian Cruise Lines, claiming that this law still applied to foreign ships in American water. The application of this law was broadened under George W. Bush, who signed an amendment defining “major life activities”. In the Barden case, the city of Sacramento was sued for non-compliance with this law in its sidewalks. This law established a standard of “reasonable accommodations” for the title group. For ten points, name this 1990 U.S. legislation that mandated adaptations for handicapped persons. | Americans with Disabilities Act or ADA |
| This 1990 protest saw disabled people eschew their wheelchairs to climb the steps of Congress in support of the ADA. | Capitol Crawl |
| The subject of this event was publically denounced by Tommaso Caccini. Robert Bellarmine labeled a belief of this event’s subject as false and forbade its discussion. The subject of this event supposedly whispered “And yet it moves,” though he was forced to publicly recant his beliefs. The Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems was banned as a result of, for ten points, what 1633 investigation in which the Catholic Inquisition forced a Copernican to deny the heliocentric view of the solar system? | the trial of Galileo Galilei (accept either underlined name; accept the Galileo affair; accept equivalents for trial and descriptions) |
| At least Galileo was only sentenced to house arrest; this other astronomer, who theorized that stars were merely “other Suns” and could have planets with extraterrestrial life was burned at the stake for his views. | Giordano Bruno |
| Criticism of this event led to nationwide adoption of the precedent set in Rylands v. Fletcher. Woodvale was destroyed in this event, which bore remarkable similarities to a later 1936 disaster on St. Patrick’s Day. This event forced workers into using dynamite to unclog debris at the Stone Bridge. Henry Clay Frick was blamed for the failure of a dam on the Little Conemaugh River, which triggered this event. Over 2,200 people died in, for ten points, what 1889 flood in Pennsylvania? | Johnstown Flood (accept Great Flood of 1889 before the year is mentioned) |
| Philander Knox successfully defended this hunting group, whose members included Andrew Carnegie, against claims of negligence following the flood. | South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club (accept either or both of “fishing and hunting” in either order, if they’re given) |
| the actress and first Playboy Playmate who allegedly had an affair with John F. Kennedy. | Marilyn Monroe (accept Norma Jeane Mortenson) |
| the founding father known whose name is synonymous with signature. | John Hancock |
| the South African president who was imprisoned for 27 years after co-founding Spear of the Nation. | Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela |
| the 1995 Time Man of the Year who, with Dick Armey, made the Contract with America. | Newton Leroy “Newt” Gingrich (accept Newton Leroy McPherson) |
| the founder of the Just Say No movement. | Nancy Davis Reagan (prompt on the second or third name, accept any two of the three underlined portions; accept Anne Frances Robbins) |
| the founder of the National Rainbow Coalition who finished third in the 1984 Democratic Primary. | Jesse Louis Jackson, Sr. (accept Jesse Louis Burns) |
| the United States president who dealt with the Mayaguez incident. | Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. (accept Leslie Lynch King Jr.) |
| the Mayor of Washington, D.C. who replaced Marion Barry. | Anthony Allen “Tony” Williams Napole´on I In the life of Napol´eon I, who or what was the... |
| country he ruled? | France |
| battle where he met his final defeat in 1815? | Battle of Waterloo |
| location of his 1805 victory over Austrian and Russian forces that trashed the Third Coalition? | Battle of Austerlitz |
| revolutionary government that he overthrew to establish the Consulate? | the Directory |
| date under the Revolutionary Calendar that he overthrew that government? | 18th of Brumaire |
| siege where he won fame commanding the artillery? | Siege of Toulon |
| agreement he signed with Pope Pius VII rehabilitating the Catholic Church in his country? | The Concordat of 1801 |
| battle in which he crushed a Royalist uprising with “a whiff of grapeshot”? | 13 Vend´emiaire MESOAMERICA In the cultures of Mesoamerica, what was the... |
| civilization whose Long Form calendar was unsuccessfully used to predict a 2012 apocalypse? | Mayan civilization |
| large city from that civilization home to the El Castillo step pyramid and the Great Ball Court? | Chichen Itza |
| mythological collection that describes the Hero Twins’ triumph in ballgame? | Popul Vuh |
| Aztec capital located on an island in Lake Texcoco? | Tenochtitlan |
| Aztec language from which the English words of “chocolate” and “avocado” are derived? | Nahuatl |
| historical Aztec manuscript translated from that language into English by Dibble and Anderson? | Florentine Codex |
| first capital of the Zapotec civilization? | Monte Alb´an |
| city whose inhabitants were the first Toltecs and at whose archaeological site pyramids have been uncovered? | Tula |
| This man strove to grant full employment to citizens over 16 in an act co-sponsored with Augustus Hawkins. This assistant director of the War Manpower Commission was one of the primary authors of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This “Happy (+) Warrior” helped found the Democratic-Farmer-Labor party, which he supported when he was elected mayor of (*) Minneapolis for a second time. As chaos enveloped the Chicago convention, Eugene McCarthy was snubbed in favor of, for ten points, what 1968 Democratic nominee who lost the general election to Richard Nixon? | Hubert H. Humphrey |
| The first chronicle about these people was written by an anonymous “P called magister” and describes an exodus from Dentumoger. These subjects of the Illuminated Chronicle were partially led by (+) Lel and Sur in a battle in which they killed Conrad the Red. These people migrated westwards from Khazaria, explaining their Uralic language exclave, and (*) Almos supposedly unified them to create their house of Arpad. For ten points, name these people, defeated at Lechfeld by Otto the Great, who were Christianized by their king, Saint Stephen. | Hungarians (or Magyars) |
| One work originally created in this city now resides in Hampton Court Palace and is the most complete depiction of a Roman triumph. The victor of the Battle of Fornovo hailed from this city, whose wife, Isabella d’Este, was an important patron of its arts. Cherubim look down from a di sotta di su oculus in a room in this city’s (+) Castle of St. George. The Camera degli Sposi [day-lee spoh-see] in this city was painted by the same man who depicted a body lying on a (*) marble slab in the Dead Christ. For ten points, name this North Italian city, home of Andrea Mategna. | Mantua |
| When this man refused to carry out an ambush recommended by an enemy double-agent, he was demoted to a common soldier. This man defeated a numerically superior force by choosing a narrow strait with strong currents that flowed in opposite directions every (+) three hours as the battlefield. He designed vessels that had a dragon’s head that belched out smoke created from burning sulfur; those ships used by this man were covered in (*) spiked iron plates. For ten points, name this naval commander who died at the Battle of Noryang as his turtle ships defeated Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s invasions of Korea. | Yi Sun-sin |
| Joe Gedeon attempted to earn a reward by exposing this scandal, but because he knew in advance and came forward after it finished, he was punished instead. Eddie Cicotte [see-cot] was one of the few participants in this event to admit his involvement. Though Buck Weaver did not participate, his failure to turn in the perpetrators earned him equal punishment from (+) Kenesaw Mountain Landis. Arnold Rothstein probably organized this scandal, which provided $5,000 to (*) Shoeless Joe Jackson. For ten points, name this gambling scandal that resulted in the Cincinnati Reds having no trouble winning the 1919 World Series. | Black Sox scandal (accept descriptions of “the Chicago White Sox intentionally losing the World Series”, with “World Series” not required in the description after it’s mentioned; prompt if just “Chicago” is given for the team involved; prompt on “fixing the World Series”) |
| One side in this conflict called their raids “spanil´e jidzy,” or beautiful rides. Sigismund Korybut served as regent for Grand Duke Vytataus of Lithuania in one part of this conflict. The Battle of Kutna Hora in this conflict was the first recorded use of field (+) artillery. One side in this conflict experienced infighting between its Taborite and Ultraquist factions. Wagon forts were employed by the one-eyed (*) Jan Zizka in this conflict, which was started by the First Defenestration of Prague. For ten points, name this conflict that was fought against followers of a certain Czech priest and reformer who was burned at the stake in 1415. | Hussite Wars (accept Bohemian Wars; accept descriptions of uprising, revolt, etc. instead of war) |
| This leader converted to Islam in order to receive aid from Gaddafi, but converted back to Christianity three months later when the aid did not arrive. This leader was overthrown in the French led Operation (+) Barracuda, which restored David Dacko to power. This leader purportedly beat schoolchildren with his walking stick after they refused to buy uniforms adorned with his face. This leader, who spent a third of his country’s budget on a lavish (*) 1977 coronation as Emperor, was acquitted of cannibalism when put on trial. For ten points, name this dictator of the Central African Republic during the 1970s. | Jean-Bedel Bokassa |
| A 2011 Mother Jones article exposed that employees of QPP suffer from neuropathy caused by inhaling aerosolized matter. Charles Neill and James Reynolds investigated this industry. The author of How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie, gained recognition as a salesman in this industry. Andrew (+) Chase, at the behest of Swift and Company, created a refrigerated rail car for use in this industry, which was the subject of the 1904 Union (*) Stockyards strike. The Pure Food and Drug Act was prompted by poor conditions in, for ten points, what food-related industry whose firms include Armour and Hormel? | meatpacking (prompt on food industry and similar) |
| The fish oil factories of this country’s Lotofen Islands were targeted in Operation Claymore. Under the guidance of Josef Torbeven, the Falstad concentration camp was established in this country. The SF Hydro was sunk in a series of raids shortly after Operations Freshman and Gunnerside targeted this country’s (+) heavy water production facility in Vemork to prevent the Nazis from using it. Jonas (*) Lie served in this country’s fascist political party, Nasjonal Samling, which collaborated with the Nazis. For ten points, name this Scandinavian country from which King Haakon fled as Vidkun Quisling led a puppet government from Oslo. | Norway |
| A response to one work by a member of this family was written by Robert Calef. One member of this family campaigned against the Declaration of Indulgence, leading him to petition the King after being accused of treason. One member of this family was told by his slave Onesimus about the value of (+) inoculation, causing both him and his father to support it. One man in this family described his role in the Court of Oyer and Terminer, including his acceptance of (*) spectral evidence, in the book Wonders of the Invisible World. For ten points, give this name shared by a father and son pair of Puritan ministers named Increase and Cotton. | Mather family (accept Cotton and/or Increase Mather) |
| Morale dropped shortly before this battle when a stray artillery shell damaged the tomb of a former leader who had been replaced by Abdullah al-Taashi. One side in this battle divided its armies into units such as the “Black” and “Green” standards, while the other side used flotilla fire and (+) Maxim guns to provide support to Hector MacDonald’s beleaguered regiments. Winston Churchill’s The River War recounts how, in this battle, (*) Herbert Kitchener ordered the 21st Lancers to make a decisive charge. For ten points, name this 1898 battle between British and followers of Muhammad Ahmad, who claimed to be the Mahdi, fought in the Sudan. | Battle of Omdurman |
| The United Kingdom deployed its National Barrier Asset to this city in July 2015, and a football match between Kurds and Afghans in 2002 in this city’s Sangatte camp resulted in riots. Natacha Bouchart, the mayor of this city, threatened to (+) block its port in 2014 after the P&O docks were stormed. In March 2016, the southern half of a refugee camp derisively called “The Jungle” in this city was demolished. The (*) Eurostar tunnel is a popular route for migrants attempting to cross into Great Britain from, for ten points, what northern French city on the Strait of Dover? | Calais |
| In this body of water, the Gregorio del Pilar apprehended eight boats near its Scarborough Shoal in 2012. Both the Second Thomas Shoal and Mischief Reef in this body of water have been the site of military positions. The (+) Ocean Oil 981 triggered a 2014 incident in this body of water, which is home to the Paracel Islands. The (*) nine-dotted line describes one country’s claims in this sea, which have been enforced with artificial islands. The Spratly Islands are in, for ten points, what highly disputed Asian body of water? | South China Sea (or West Philippine Sea) |
| Mark Begich is one of only eight Senators to have been elected in what state? | Alaska |