| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In 2020, Myron Lizer was the first leader from this community to have a prime-time speech at the Republican National Convention. Activists from this community created a (+) “Ride to the Polls” effort involving transit by horseback. Arizona congressional districts separated this community from its (*) Hopi neighbors until the two groups asked to be placed in the same district in 2011. For the point, name this Native American community whose capital of Window Rock was visited by Jill Biden in 2021. | Navajo Nation (or Naabeehó Bináhásdzo) |
| Xochitl [[SO-cheel]] Marchelli [[mar-KEH-lee]] accused this man of calling her a witch during a city council meeting when they were both members of the FMLN. This leader has touted investment from China and promoted a (+) "Surf City" project to create a Pacific Coast tourist destination. This Latin American president announced at a Miami conference in 2021 that his country would be the first to recognize (*) Bitcoin as legal tender. For the point, name this populist Salvadoran president who was elected in 2019. | Nayib Bukele (or Nayib Armando Bukele Ortez) |
| This term was coined in the dissent in New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann [[LEEB- man]] in 1932. Jennifer Granholm cited the value of this concept in praising Nevada’s clean energy policies. Kevin Stitt used this (*) metaphor for American federalism in an amicus brief calling for the Supreme Court to overturn Roe v. Wade. Coined by (*) Louis Brandeis [[BRAN-dice]], for the point, what term conceives of the fifty states as places to autonomously conduct social and economic experiments? | Laboratories of Democracy |
| Despite being blacklisted from teaching after World War Two, this author's lectures in Francoist Spain resulted in the publication of Theory of the Partisan. This man's critiques of liberal democracy were studied by Chantal [[shahn-TAHL]] Mouffe and (*) Hannah Arendt [["AIR"-ent]], though his "preferred cure" has been described as "infinitely worse than the disease." This author of On Dictatorship defined a state's goal as the (*) destruction of "the Other" through a friend-enemy distinction. For the point, name this conservative German political theorist and advocate of Nazism who wrote The Concept of the Political. | Carl Schmitt |
| This thing is not present in "Missouri," but Jay Nixon was once described as “oratorically ambidextrous” about his use of this thing. Candidates like Joe Biden and Amy Klobuchar [[KLOH-buh-shar]] used one of these symbols in the phrase (+) “Go Tigers," a practice peculiar to Louisiana. Candidates like Donald Trump and John Kasich [[KAY-sik]] were criticized for (*) mispronouncing this grapheme in places like Las Vegas and Reno. For the point, name this alphabetical unit that occurs three times in the frequently-mispronounced name of the first female U.S. vice president. | The letter A |
| A study of U.S. senators ranked Bernie Sanders last in this characteristic, the study of which in psychology was pioneered by Lewis Goldberg's lexical measures. It’s not extraversion, but studies of American presidents associate (+) "greatness" with this trait measured using the TIPI [["TIPPY"]] scale. This "Big Five" trait is associated with more conservative ideology, while (*) openness is more associated with liberalism. For the point, name this specific personality trait associated with being careful and diligent. | Conscientiousness (Do not accept equivalents) |
| Although this rule is not codified in The Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007, it shares that bill’s goal of limiting lobbyist influence. Illinois Representative Aaron Schock explained this rule to the contestants on a 2010 episode of (*) Top Chef D.C.. A 2008 memo from the House Ethics Committee reminded members of the “reception exception” associated with this rule, warning members against consuming (*) "meals." For the point, name this informal rule which specifies how members of Congress may be served food by lobbyists. | Toothpick rule |
| A political cartoon of this man depicts him threatening to defund the U.S. Weather Bureau after experiencing cold weather in D.C.. This man, who openly criticized Theodore Roosevelt for ignoring the Constitution, led a faction of congressmen known as (+) "The Old Guard." George Norris and 42 fellow Progressive Republicans along with all the House Democrats led a 1910 "revolt" to oust this man from his (*) Speakership. For the point, name this Republican from Illinois who greatly increased the power of the Speaker of the House in the early 20th century. | Joseph Gurney Cannon |
| This man was the defendant in a 2003 case that posited that certain affirmative measures would be unnecessary in 25 years. This man gave a speech about "seven myths" including "race doesn’t matter” while defending his institution’s policy of "maintaining a (+) critical mass." This man was the defendant in a case that ended a system giving twenty extra "points" to minority applicants which disfavored Jennifer (*) Gratz. For the point, name this president of Columbia University and the defendant in the Grutter case, which upheld affirmative action at the University of Michigan. | Lee Bollinger (or Lee Carroll Bollinger; accept Gratz v. Bollinger; accept Grutter v. Bollinger) |
| In Gravel v. United States, the Supreme Court extended this clause to protect congressional aides but limited the privilege to "legislative activity." The court found that the FBI had violated this clause in (+) raiding the office of William J. Jefferson at the Rayburn House Office Building. This clause states that members of both Houses of Congress "shall not be questioned in any other Place." This clause was added to prevent a president from having members (*) arrested to keep them from voting a certain way. For the point, name this clause in Article 1, Section 6 named for two verbal acts. | Speech and Debate Clause (accept Article I, Section 6, Clause 1) |
| This agency owns and operates the Hells Gate Bridge in New York City. This agency is currently run by President Stephen Gardner and CEO William Flynn. Areas operated by this agency include the (+) Keystone and Empire Corridor, and its routes include Texas Eagle and California Zephyr. This agency's primary (*) high speed service serves New England and is called Acela [[ah-SELL-ah]] Express. For the point, name this quasi-public agency that operates intercity trains in the United States. | Amtrak (or National Railroad Passenger Corporation; or AMTZ; or AMTK) |
| A bill establishing this provision was passed in a chamber of Congress 28 years before its passage in the second chamber. This amendment made uniform a practice already used by many states to (+) avoid legislative infighting. Utah opposed the ratification of this amendment, and in 2016, Utah's state legislature passed a resolution calling for its (*) repeal. For the point, name this constitutional amendment that Ben Sasse disparaged in a Wall Street Journal op-ed called “Make the Senate Great Again.” | Seventeenth Amendment (or Amendment Seventeen) |
| This agency released a series of measures called its namesake Toolbox to assess four "domain batteries." The "cumulative investigator rate" has declined as more and more people applied for (+) grants from this agency. Consisting of 27 separate centers including the NEI and NCI, this agency provided much of the funding for the Human (*) Genome Project. Francis Collins currently leads this agency, which partnered with Moderna in 2020 to develop a COVID-19 vaccine. For the point, name this federal agency responsible for biomedical and public health research. | National Institutes of Health (accept NIH; accept NIH toolbox or NIH Toolbox for the Assessment of Neurological and Behavioral Function) |
| The meaning of this clause was first tested in Kentucky v. Dennison, in which a man named Willis Lago was wanted for helping a slave girl escape. The Supreme Court ruled that Federal Courts had the power to enforce a writ of mandamus [[man- DAY-mus]] via this clause in (*) Puerto Rico v. Branstad, in which the governor of Puerto Rico submitted a request to the governor of Iowa to try Ronald Calder. This clause concerns people who are charged with treason or felony and "shall (*) flee from justice." For the point, name this Article IV clause, which provides for the deportation of a criminal back to the state in which they allegedly committed a crime. | Extradition Clause (accept Interstate Rendition Clause) |
| With Noel Leader, this man founded the advocacy group 100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care. During a primary, this man was accused of living in a co-op in (+) Bergen County, prompting him to invite a new team to a unit he claimed was his home. In an upcoming election, this man will face Republican Curtis Sliwa [[SLEE- wah]]. Although he initially trailed Andrew (*) Yang in polls, this man won a primary featuring Scott Stringer and Kathryn Garcia. For the point, name this Borough President of Brooklyn since 2014, the Democratic nominee for the 2021 New York City mayoral election. | Eric Adams (or Eric Leroy Adams) |
| Mathew McCubbins distinguished between the “police patrol” and “fire alarm” forms of this action. One of the first forms of this action in 1792 involved an (+) investigation into the defeat of Arthur St. Clair. A committee tasked with this function and “Reform” subpoenaed Donald Trump’s (*) financial records under Elijah Cummings and Carolyn Maloney. For the point, name this function which involves the legislative branch investigating the actions of the executive branch and soliciting testimony. | Oversight (accept House Committee on Oversight and Reform) |
| This politician was the first cabinet nominee to be rejected by the Senate. This man chose not to legitimize the Dorr Government in a case regarding the Guarantee Clause, (*) Luther v. Borden. Statutory law and common law were differentiated in a case heard by this man's court with a majority opinion by Joseph Story, Swift v. Tyson. This ally of Andrew Jackson ruled that freed and (*) enslaved Black people were not citizens. For the point, name this Chief Justice who authored the Dred Scott decision. | Roger B (rooke) Taney |
| This organization operates the 21st Century Defense Initiative and the Center for Middle East Policy. Through its Center for Universal Education, this organization runs the programs Millions Learning and Skills for a (+) Changing World. Since 2008, this organization has annually won the University of Pennsylvania's "Think Tank of the Year" and "Top Think Tank in the World." With the Urban Institute, this organization operates the (*) Tax Policy Center. For the point, name this highly prestigious moderately liberal centrist think tank based out of Washington, D.C. | Brookings Institution |
| This economist narrated the Jacob Kornbluth documentaries Inequality for All and Saving Capitalism. This economist is the primary presenter for Inequality Media social media videos, which are designed to provide a (*) liberal counterpart to PragerU. Books by this former cabinet secretary include Supercapitalism and (*) The Work of Nations. For the point, name this American economist and political commentator, who served as Secretary of Labor under Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1997. | Robert Reich (or Robert Bernard Reich) |
| In a case regarding this practice, Gregory Bourke and Michael DeLeon filed a lawsuit against Steve Beshear. Lambda Legal Defense and Education Fund declined to represent the plaintiffs in a case concerning this practice, Baehr v. Miike [[mee-EE- keh]]. A case that (+) legalized this practice formed from an Ohio case brought prior to the death of John Arthur. Kentucky county clerk Kim Davis refused to abide by the ruling in that 2015 case, which guaranteed this practice by the Due Process and (*) Equal Protection Clauses. For the point, name this practice made legal in Obergefell v. Hodges. | Same-Sex Marriage (accept Gay Marriage; accept Homosexual marriage; accept similar answers showing clear knowledge of individuals from the LGBTQ+ community being married; accept synonyms for "marriage" such as "matrimony") |
| A 2017 bill in Texas required voter approval for this process in large counties and smaller counties that opted in. An action in Tuskegee that was the opposite of this process was overturned in the Gomillion v. Lightfoot decision. The (+) "shoestring" variety of this process produced a 200-foot-wide strip of land that connects O’Hare Airport to the city of (*) Chicago. For the point, name this process of local government expansion through which the San Fernando Valley became part of Los Angeles in 1915. | Municipal Annexation |
| One section of this book describes the rise of "supermanagers" as a uniquely Anglo-Saxon phenomenon. This book warns that inherited wealth may cause a return to "patrimonial capitalism." This book describes a negative situation arising when (+) "r is greater than g," stating that wealth becomes concentrated when the rate of return of the title concept is greater than economic growth. This book proposes a global wealth tax as a way of preventing small minorities from excessively (*) accumulating wealth. For the point, name this 2013 book about income inequality by Thomas Piketty [[PIH-keh-tee]]. | Capital in the Twenty-First Century (accept Le Capital au XXIe siècle) |
| A canonical work by Rosenstone and Hansen studies this action, participation, and democracy in American politics. Experimental studies of this action have found that (+) personalized messages are more successful at increasing voter turnout. Political campaigns in the 2000s and 2010s witnessed a shift in focus on this strategy at the expense of this action’s opposite, (*) persuasion. For the point, name this term for efforts to encourage individuals to engage in political action. | Mass Mobilization (accept Social Mobilization; or Popular Mobilization; accept word forms such as Mobilizing) |
| Major hang-ups to this agreement included Canada's belief that the percentage of vehicle parts originating in one country was too low to be tariff-free. This agreement, which was signed in (+) Santiago, Chile, was criticized for limiting the freedom of state-owned enterprises. One of Donald Trump's first acts as president was (*) removing the U.S. from this agreement, the leadership of which was then taken up by Japan. For the point, name this 2018 trade agreement based around the world's largest ocean. | Trans-Pacific Partnership (accept Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership; accept CPTPP; accept TPP-11) Editor's note: the current treaty (CPTPP) is considered a distinct evolution of the original TPP, but either is acceptable. |
| Argentina adopted the first of these policies for a national legislature in 1991 with the support of Carlos Menem. France became the first country in 2000 to pass the (+) “50 percent” type of this policy and financially punishes parties who do not comply with this policy. A policy of this type in Afghanistan was adopted in the Electoral Law of 2016 and reserved (*) two seats per province in the Wolesi Jirga [[WOH- leh-see JIR-gah]]. For the point, name this policy which seeks to eliminate political inequality with numerical thresholds for women. | Gender Quota (accept equivalents such as Women in Government Quotas) |
| This document can be altered via a general amending procedure called the 7/50 [[SEVEN-FIFTY]] formula. A proposed change to this document called the Triple- E Senate calls for a more "equal, elected, and effective" Senate. A 1982 repatriation of this document led to the passage of the (+) Charter of Rights and Freedom. Indigenous groups protested the lack of citizen involvement in an attempt to amend this document, the (*) Meech Lake Accords. For the point, name this document which provides the framework for a country governed from Ottawa. | Canadian Constitution (or Constitution of Canada; accept Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms before mentioned; accept obvious equivalents) |
| Arend Lijphart [[LIPE-hart]] referred to this country as "the most thorough example of a consociational [[kon-soh-see-AY-shun-al]] democracy." This country was governed by a "Swedish coalition" named for the (+) colors and symbols of its major parties and was led by Charles Michel [[SHARL mee-SHEHL]]. In 2011, Elio Di Rupo became the first (*) French speaker to be prime minister of this country in more than 30 years. For the point, name this European country in which separate sets of political parties compete in Flanders and Wallonia. | Kingdom of Belgium (or Royaume de Belgique; Koninkrijk Belgie; Koenigreich Belgien) |
| This militant organization was founded in the wake of the massacre at Mueda, during which colonial governor Sarmento Rodrigues allowed his forces to fire on peaceful demonstrators. André Matsangaissa [[maht-sahn-GAY-sah]] defected from this party to found the oppositional faction (+) RENAMO [[reh-NAH-moh]], resulting in a fifteen-year civil war ended by the Rome Peace Accords. Former anthropology professor Eduardo Mondlane founded this political party, which formed a one-party state following its 1975 independence from (*) Portugal. For the point, name this Marxist-Leninist party, which has dominated Mozambican politics for the last five decades. | FRELIMO [[freh-LEE-moh]] (accept Liberation Front of Mozambique) |
| This former VP of Wexler & Walker came under fire for approving $6 million in contracts to Berkeley Research Group, for which his wife is an executive. This man, whose appointment was deemed (+) unlawful in November 2020, stoked public outrage when he authorized the deployment of federal agents in tactical gear to suppress (*) Antifa activists in Portland, Oregon. For the point, name this former Republican lobbyist for the TSA and Secretary of Homeland Security during the Trump administration. | Chad Wolf (or Chad Frederick Wolf) |
| Proposition C, which sought to permit this action in San Francisco, was defeated by a 62-point margin in 2019. Joe Biden said about products related to this practice, “I don't care what it does to a small business person who's (+) selling this stuff.” In a study related to this behavior, the National Institutes of Health identified mango as an especially popular (*) flavor of a product used to do this action among teenagers. For the point, name this behavior, the regulation of which has been fought by companies such as Juul. | Vaping (accept Vape; accept Electronic Cigarettes; accept descriptive answers involving smoking using electronic devices) |
| The Rapid Action Battalion arrested a member of this party's youth organization, the Jubo League, in the Noakhali [[noh-ah-KAH-lee]] District. A leader of this party was criticized for his handling of a 1974 famine, after which he created the short-lived (+) BAKSAL [[BAHK-SAHL]] front. After being called to arms by a leader of this party, the Mukti Bahini successfully used guerilla warfare during a 1971 conflict. Sheikh (*) Mujibur Rahman led this party before his 1975 assassination. For the point, name this party led by Sheikh Hasina, which secured the independence of Bangladesh. | Bangladesh Awami League (accept AL; accept Bangladesh People's League) |
| This politician drew fierce criticism after posing in a blazer for an October 2020 Trendi magazine photoshoot. This politician served as Transportation Minister under Antti Rinne [[RIH-nuh]], who resigned in the wake of the 2019 postal strike. In 2012, this politician became chairperson of the City Council of Tampere [[TAHM-peh- reh]] and later became MP of (+) Pirkanmaa [[PEER-kahn-mah]]. At the time she became prime minister of her country in 2019, 12 out of 19 Cabinet members were women. This woman became the youngest serving (*) female head of state at age 34 as leader of the Social Democratic Party. For the point, name this prime minister of Finland. | Sanna Marin [[SAH-nah MAH-reen]] (or Sanna Mirella Marin) |
| This thinker argued that the citizenry engage in neutral reasoning to create "overlapping consensus" when producing political doctrines. This thinker claimed that social inequalities should be arranged to benefit the (+) least well off in his "difference principle." This thinker argued that all public policy should be conceived of behind the (*) "veil of ignorance" in his "original position" thought experiment. For the point, name this liberal political philosopher, the author of A Theory of Justice. | John Rawls (or John Bordley Rawls) |
| A writer for this periodical named Claas Relotious [[reh-LOH-shus]] fabricated a story of a small Minnesota town putting up a sign that said "Mexicans Stay Out" while reporting in the United States. Politician Otto Graf Lambsdorff was forced to resign from his Cabinet position after this magazine outed him for accepting bribes from the (+) Flick company. An affair named for this periodical occurred when editor Rudolf Augstein was accused of treason by Franz Josef Strauss, leading to the (*) occupation of this magazine's offices. For the point, name this German magazine headquartered in Hamburg, whose name translates to "The Mirror." | Der Spiegel (accept The Mirror before mentioned) |
| One claimed border in this region is disparagingly referred to as the "Cow's Tongue." Attempts to gain control of islands in this region have been referred to as "cabbage wrapping" and "salami slicing." An ongoing dispute in this body of water concerns alleged (+) "traditional fishing grounds" around the Natuna Islands. This body of water is the subject of a dispute involving the "nine-dashed (*) line." For the point, name this Asian sea, the subject of ongoing disputes surrounding the Spratly and Paracel Islands. | South China Sea (accept Nánhǎi; accept Minami Shina Kai; accept Biển Đông; accept Dagat Timog Tsina; accept Laut China Selatan; accept West Philippine Sea) |
| King Kalākaua [[kah-LAH-kau-AH]] took a 91-day trip to join Ulysses S. Grant for the first of these events in 1874. Jimmy Carter held 33 of these events but mandated that there be no (+) “ruffles and flourishes” and that no hard liquor be served at them. In 1963, Lyndon Johnson held a non-traditional (*) barbecue-style one of these events for West German chancellor Ludwig Erhard [[EHR-hard]]. For the point, name these diplomatic events in which Mario Batali served beef braciola [[brah-TSYOH- lah]] and sweet potato agnolotti [[ahn-yoh-LOH-tee]] to Barack Obama and Matteo Renzi. | U.S. State Dinner (or U.S. State Banquet) |