| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skywave propagation involves the reflection of radio waves off this region, allowing AM broadcasts to travel long distances. Interactions between the magnetosphereandthisregioncausethe(+)auroraborealis.Thisregioncontainsthe entire thermosphere and portions of the mesosphere and (*) exosphere. Forthepoint, name this layer of the atmosphere named for containing a high concentration of charged particles. | Ionosphere (prompt on "Thermosphere" beforementioned) |
| One form of this senseisactivatedwhenglutamic[[gloo-TAM-ik]]acidbindsto a "G" protein-coupled receptor. Another form of this sense is activated with the presence of alkali metals and may have evolved to detect (+) toxins. The lack of this sense is called hypogeusia [["high"-poh-JYOOS-yah]]. This sense’s receptors are contained in the papillae [[pah-PIH-lay]], which detect (*) umami [[oo-MAH-mee]], sweet, and sour. For the point, name this sense detectedby the tongue. | Sense ofTaste (acceptGustatorysense orGustatorysystem) |
| On the eastern edges of this “sea” is the Sinus Concordiae[[kon-KOR-dee-ay]], while the Rupes Cauchy [[ROO-pes koh-SHEE]] crater liesinthenortheasternportion of this sea. A metallic placard was left in this sea including the text (+) “We Came in Peace for all Mankind.” This sea’s namesake “Base” is the location at which Buzz (*) Aldrin and his colleagues landed the Eagle module. For the point, name this “Sea” on the Moon in which American astronauts first landed. | Sea ofTranquility (or MareTranquillitatis) |
| Climate change is contributing to increasing the size of the active layer ofthis substance, increasing instability due to solifluction [[soh-lih-FLUK-shun]]. Collapse-scar bogs and (+) thermokarst lakes form where this substance has broken down. Palsas and pingos are notable examples of the patterned ground created from this feature ofthetundra.(*)Forthepoint,namethistypeofsoilwhichremainsbelow32 degrees Fahrenheit year-round. | Permafrost (prompt on "soil" before mentioned) |
| In computer languages, this property determines how operators with equal precedence are grouped. When a function has this property, the placement of parentheses (+) does not impact output. Like commutativity, this property is lacking for (*) subtraction and division. For the point, name this property of addition and multiplication, in which the grouping of operationsdoes not change the outcome. | AssociativeProperty (orAssociativity) |
| One member of this orderproducesambergris[[AM-ber-gree]]asabyproduct of their digestion. Filter-feeding members of this order possess keratin plates called baleen [[BAY-leen]]. (+) Many members of this order contain a structure called a melon, which houses the spermaceti [[sper-mah-SEH-tee]] organ used in echolocation. Members of this order breathe through a specialized (*) nostril ontheir backs called a blowhole. For the point, name this order of marine mammals that includes porpoises, dolphins, and whales. | Cetaceans [[see-TAY-shuns]] (acceptWhalesbefore mentioned; prompt on "dolphin" or "porpoise" before mentioned) |
| Thomas Kuhn [[KYOON]] argued that these periods involve paradigm shiftsin a book about The Structure of [thissortofperiod].AlongwiththeRenaissance,oneof these periods is held to have not been aradicalbreakfromthe(+)MiddleAgesinthe "continuity thesis." The publication of Copernicus's theories (*) is considered the beginningofoneof,forthepoint,whattypeofsocialera,whichincludedthedevelopmentof modern biology and chemistry? | Scientific Revolutions (prompt on "CopernicanRevolution") |
| For an ideal block and tackle setup, this quantity is equal to the number of rope sections supporting the block. For a wedge, this quantity is inversely proportional to the wedge's (+) slope.Thisquantityisdemonstratedbythelawofthe lever,whichrelatesopposingweightsand(*)armlength.Forthepoint,namethisratioof output force to input force, used to measure the effectivenessof a simple machine. | Mechanical Advantage |
| Chiral [[KY-rull]] symmetry breaking and asymptotic [[AY-simp-TAH-tik]] freedom are among the properties of the quantum chromodynamics theory of this force, which confines smaller particles into(+)hadrons.Thisforce,whosemagnitude increases with distance, is mediated by gluons. Binding together neutrons and (*) protons in the nucleus, for the point, what is this fundamental force which is much more powerful than the weak force? | StrongNuclear Force (orStrongInteraction;orColorForce; prompt on "quantum chromodynamics" before mentioned) |
| These phenomena, which canbevisualizedwithabutterflydiagram,wereless frequent during the Spörer and Maunder Minima. The position of these phenomena predicts the location of (+) coronal loops and solar flares. The frequency of these phenomena varies on an eleven-year cycle which corresponds to the reversal of a(*) magnetic field. For the point, name these darker regionsfound on the surface of the Sun. | Sunspots |
| This scientist argued that ionic and covalent[[koh-VAY-lent]]bondsexistedon a single continuum. In his book How to Live Longer and Feel Better, this scientist advocated for taking megadoses of (+) vitamin C to prevent the common cold. This scientist outlined the modern understanding of an atom's tendency to attractshared electrons in his book (*) The Nature of the Chemical Bond. For the point, name this American scientist who won Nobel Prizes in both Peaceand Chemistry. | LinusPauling (or Linus CarlPauling) |
| This region's outer boundary is sometimes called the Lehmann-Bullen discontinuity. Due to having temperatures near the surface of the sun, this region passes the Curie temperature (+) and is not ferromagnetic. This layer, whose existence is demonstrated byPKiKPwaves,iscomposedofasolidiron-nickel(*)alloy. For the point, name this solid metal layer of the Earth, which is surrounded by the liquid outer core. | Inner Core (prompt on "core"; do not acceptor prompt on "outer core") |
| This scientist, who discovered iron oxide's use as an arsenic antidote, discovered the elements cesium [[SEE-zee-um]] and rubidium [[roo-BIH-dee-um]] with Gustav Kirchhoff [[KEER-kof]]. This scientist lends his name to a device (+) that manipulates airflow at the top and fuelsupplyatthebottomtocontrol(*)combustion rate. For the point, name this German chemist, who lends his name to a common type of open-flame burner used in lab experiments. | RobertBunsen (or Robert Wilhelm EberhardBunsen; acceptBunsenBurner) |
| For an object to beinstaticequilibrium,thisforce'smetacentermustbeabove the center of gravity. This force, which equals density times gravity times volume, is opposed by the (+) hydrostatic pressure gradient. This force equals the weightofthe fluid that is displaced according to the Archimedes (*) principle. For the point, identify this force that allows objects to float in a liquid. | Buoyantforce (orBuoyancy; acceptUpthrust) |
| In his De Architectura, Vitruvius [[vih-TROO-vee-us]] said that these devices were invented by Anaximander [[ah-naks-ih-MAN-der]]. In their simplestform,these devices possess a vertical portion, the gnomon [[NOH-mon]], and a horizontal (+) portion, the style. Along with specialized candles and water drip clocks, these were among the earliest devices to (*) mark the time of day. For thepoint,namethesedevices that determine the time from the position of a shadow. | Sundial |
| Large circular holes in these objects are called moulins [[MOO-lins]], which can drain lakes named for these objects. Deposits created by these objects include eskers and (+) drumlins. Fjords, cirques [[SIRKS]], and moraines werecreatedbythe retreat oftheseobjectswhichbreakdownatthecoastviacalving[[KAV-ing]],forming (*) icebergs. For the point, name these massive ice flows that cover Greenland and Antarctica. | Glaciers (prompt on "glacial lake") |
| In marsupials, this structure's functionisfulfilledbytheanteriorcommissure. Patients who fail to develop this structure may develop Probst bundles to compensate. Damage to this structure can result in alien hand syndrome or Dr. Strangelove (+) syndrome. This structure has a Latin name meaning "tough body." This structure is severed in patients who undergo a split (*) brain procedure, which is sometimes used to treat epilepsy. For the point, name this structure that links the two hemispheres of the brain. | Corpus Callosum (orCallosal Commissure) |
| These objects are known as "potato stones" when recovered from England's Mendip Hills. These objects can form when an empty cavity, such as a gas bubble, is filled with groundwater that deposits (+) crystalline minerals. These objects are smaller analogs to vugs and (*) crystal caves. For the point, name these hollow rocks containing crystals, whose name comes from the Greekfor "Earth-like." | Geode |
| A type of scattering found in these substances can give a blue appearance to motorcycle smoke or flour mixed into water. These substances, which exhibit the Tyndall effect, include (+) emulsions and aerosols. Common examples of these substances include milk, fog, and (*) foam. For the point, identify this type of substance, in which small particles of one substance are suspendedwithin another. | Colloid (acceptColloidal Suspension; prompton "suspension") |
| In the most widely accepted hypothesis, this phylum is considered the sister taxon to bilateria [["by"-lah-TEE-ree-ah]]. One sessile [[SESS-ile]] clade [[KLAYD]] in this phylum has a symbiotic relationship with clownfish, providing (+) shelter in exchange for cleaning. This phylum is characterized by a specialized type of cell that releases stinging (*) toxins on contact. For the point, name this animal phylum that includes sea anemones, corals, and jellyfish. | Cnidarians [["nigh"-"DARE"-ee-uns]] (prompton "Jellies"; be lenient on pronunciation) |
| A sensitive magnetometer [[mag-neh-TAH-mee-ter]] called a SQUID [["SQUID"]] consists of two of these materials separated by a thin layer. A loop example of these materials is called a Josephson junction. Through the Meissner (+) effect, these materials expel magnetic field lines. The BCS theory of these materials posits that phonons mediate the binding of electrons into Cooper (*) pairs. For the point, name these materials which have no electricalresistance. | Superconductor (acceptSuperconductivity;prompt on "conductor") |
| When oxygen is present in its substrate, this protein produces phosphoglycolate [[foss-foh-gly-KOH-"late"]] and 3-phosphoglycerate [["three" foss-foh-GLIH-seh-"rate"]]. In C4 plants, this protein has reduced specificity and is located in the bundle (+) sheath cells. This protein is the most abundant enzyme on Earth and catalyzes the start of the Calvin (*) cycle. For the point, name this major enzyme important for the carboxylation of RuBP inphotosynthesis. | RuBisCO[[roo-BIH-skoh]] (orRuBPCase; orRuBPco; accept Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) |
| For heat and moisture-sensitive materials, ethylene oxide gas can be used to perform this task by inhibiting metabolism. An autoclave uses "wet-heat"toleverage hydrolysis [["high"-DRAH-lih-siss]] (+) to performthistaskonglassware,renderingit aseptic. 70 percent is the most effective concentration of isopropyl [["eye"-soh-PROH-pil]] (*) alcohol for performingthistask.Forthepoint,identifythistask of killing microorganisms on lab equipment and othersurfaces. | Sterilization (accept word forms and answerssuch as "makingsterile; accept answers indicating "killing microorganism" beforementioned; prompt on answers such as "cleaning") |
| Abnormalities in the millisecond variety of these objects provide indirect evidence of gravitational waves. When originally discovered, these objects were nicknamed "LGM," or little (+) green men. These bodies are only detectable if one of their poles pointstowardthe(*)Earth.Forthepoint,nametheserapidlyrotatingneutron stars that are named for periodically emitting burstsof radio waves. | Pulsar (acceptPulsating RadioSource; prompton "Little Green Men" or "LGM" before mentioned; prompt on "Neutron Star" beforementioned) |
| Range contraction can cause the centrifugal [[sen-TRIH-foo-gul]] type of this process. The Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium posits that this process occurs in rapid bursts. When this process occurs over a single geographic range, it is termed "sympatric." Geographic (+) isolation causes the allopatric type of this process to occur, and new branches onphylogenetic[[FY-loh-"genetic"]]treesareformedbythis (*) process. For the point, name this process whichresultsintwopopulationsbeingunable to breed with one another. | Speciation (accept CentrifugalSpeciation;accept SympatricSpeciation; accept AllopatricSpeciation; accept PeripatricSpeciation;accept ParapatricSpeciation; prompt on "Evolution") |
| The centripetal [[sen-TRIH-peh-tal]] form of this quantity is always directed inward. Torque is equal to the moment of inertiamultipliedbythetangentialformof this quantity. In general relativity, it is (+) impossible to distinguish between forces caused bygravityandthis(*)quantity.Forthepoint,namethisquantitymeasuringrateof change in velocity, which can have units of metersper second squared. | Acceleration (accept Centripetalacceleration;accept Tangentialacceleration) |
| A statistically determinate type of these objects will bend uniformly when a uniform weight is applied. The cantilevered type of these objects are supported only from one end. One common type of these objects has two (+) horizontal flanges [[FLAN-jeez]]connectedbyaverticalweb,knownasthe"I"type(*)oftheseobjects.For thepoint,namethesefundamentalstructuralcomponents,whichhavemuchgreaterlengths than widths. | Beam (accept Cantileveredbeam; accept I-beam) |
| Highly inefficient algorithms for this task are given the prefix "bogo." One algorithm for this task that uses paired comparisons is named after garden gnomes. Exchange-based algorithms for this task have a (+) worst-case runtime of "Big O [[OH]] of n squared." Common algorithms for this task include ones named bubble, quick, and (*) merge. For the point, name this task of organizing an array or list into the desired order. | Sorting (orSorting algorithm; accept Bogo, Gnome, Exchange, Bubble, Quick, or MergeSort) |
| Cylinders haveavalueofzero,andsphereshaveanegativevalueforthisman's namesake curvature. This man's proof of the fundamental theorem of algebra was created to refute D'Alembert's [[dah-lem-BEHRS]] false proof. This man names a (+) theorem relating theelectricfieldtothechargedistribution,andthismanalsonames a distribution shaped like a bell (*) curve. For the point, name this German mathematician who names the normal distribution. | Johann Carl FriedrichGauss (acceptGaussiancurve or curvature; acceptGauss's law or flux theorem; acceptGaussian distributionorGauss's distribution; accept Laplace-Gaussdistribution) |
| This constellation names the closest known movinggrouptoEarth,beingpart of the Local Bubble. This constellation contains a notable binary system made of Mizar [["MY"-zar]] and Alcor. Major stars in this constellation include (+) Dubhe [[DOO-beh]] and Merak [[MEE-rak]], which can beusedtolocatePolaris(*)inanother constellation. For the point, name this northern hemisphere constellation that contains the Big Dipper. | Ursa Major (orGreat Bear; acceptUrsa MajorMoving Group orUrsa Major Association; prompt on the "Big Dipper" before read;prompt on "the Plough") |
| The close resemblance of one type of cell in this phylum to choanoflagellates [[koh-an-oh-FLAH-jeh-lets]] may imply a close evolutionary relationship. Along with placozoa [[play-koh-ZOH-ah]], this is the only animal phylum to lack true, differentiated (+) tissues. This phylum is usually considered to be the most basal animal lineage, making it the sister taxon to (*) all other animals. For the point, name this simple animal phylum, which contains sponges. | Porifera (prompt on "sponges" before mentioned) |
| Due to this phenomenon, changes in wind velocity can cause a hook echo on weather radar. This phenomenon's namesake radar is used by police (+) radar guns to determine a car's velocity. This phenomenon is visualized with the bunching of waves in front of a moving source. (*) Redshift is caused by, for the point, what phenomenon in which a pitch shifts with movement,as with a siren driving by? | Dopplereffect (orDopplershift; acceptDopplerradar; prompt on "red shift" or "blue shift" before mentioned) |