| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This molecule's relative stability is quantified by A-values. One conformationofthis molecule is destabilized by steric strain between its "flagpole hydrogens." Substituents on thisnonpolarmoleculeswitchbetween"axial"and"equatorial"positionswhenitundergoes a ring flip to move between its twist, boat, and chair conformations. Complete hydrogenation of benzene produces, for the point,what cyclic alkane with formula C6H12? | Cyclohexane (acceptC6H12before mentioned) |
| This object is considered by astronomers as the best with which to calibrate the period-luminosity relationship of Cepheid [[SEE-fee-id]] variables. This object is the prototype of a galaxy classification with one major spiral arm. This galaxy's Tarantula Nebula contains the remnants of Supernova 1987A. A bridge of neutral hydrogen connects this galaxy to its smaller counterpart. For the point, name this bigger of two Local Group galaxies named after a Portuguese explorer. | Large Magellanic Cloud (orLMC; do not acceptor prompt on partial answers, or "Small Magellanic Cloud" or "SMC") |
| The third book of this text, On the system of the world, expands on the scientific method in its four "Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy." The essay General Scholium [[SKO-lee-oom]] was added to this text and includes the statement "Hypothesesnonfingo." This text contains mathematical derivations of Kepler’s laws and a statement that achange in motion is proportional to the net force. For the point, in what text does Isaac Newton describe his three laws of motion? | Philosophiae NaturalisPrincipiaMathematica (prompt on "PM") |
| This equation is modified to give the Kassirer-Bleich [[kah-SEER-er BLYSH]] equation, which is used clinically to diagnose respiratory alkalosis [[al-kah-LOH-sis]]. The Hammett function must be used instead of this equation in highly concentrated solutions. The isoelectric point of an amino acid is calculated using this equation, whichisderivedby taking the log of the acid dissociation constant and rearranging. ThepHofabuffersolution can be calculatedusing,forthepoint,whatequationnamedfortwoscientists,oneAmerican and one Danish? | Henderson-Hasselbalchequation (accept namesin either order) |
| A model of this process relates an ideal gas's fractional occupancy to its partial pressure at isothermal conditions and is named for Irving Langmuir [[LANG-mweer]]. Heterogeneous catalysts function through this process. Because of their high surface area, porous materials like zeolites and activated carbon use this process to remove compounds from the air. For the point, name this process in which molecules adhere to a solid surface but do not permeate through, which is contrasted withabsorption. | Adsorption (do not accept or prompt on "absorption") |
| The discovery of one of these objects in the Gliese [[GLEE-zuh]] system proved the existence of the T-type of these objects. The closest one of these objects to Earth is the Luhman-16 system, which is also where the iron rain of these objects was first observed. Rafael Rebolo [[reh-BOH-loh]] pioneeredthelithiumtestforidentifyingthesebodies,which do not undergo sustained hydrogen fusion. For the point, name these cool, very low luminosity stellar objects, commonly called failedstars. | Brown dwarfs (prompt on "star (s)") |
| The potential energy of these devices can be approximated with the second-order cosine approximation. The momentum of a bullet can be found by firing a gun into the ballisticvarietyofthesedevices.Aclassicalexampleofachaoticsystemisthedoublevariety of these devices. The ideal form of these devices consists of a weighted bob at the end of a massless rod. For the point, name these devices that swing to keep time in grandfather clocks. | Pendulums |
| This is the number of carboxylic acid groups found in the common chelating [[KEE-lay-ting]]agentEDTA.Thismanycarbonatomsarefoundinthesimplestantiaromatic molecule, cyclobutadiene [["sigh"-kloh-byoo-tah-"DIE"-een]]. Steroids such as cholesterol contain this many fused rings, which is also the number of bonds to the central atom in molecules with see-saw and square planar geometries. For the point, give this number of hydrogen atoms found in methane, the simplest tetrahedralalkane. | Four |
| A saturable reactor type of these devices may be used to increase maximum alternating current. The number of turns in these devices divided by length is directly proportional to theirmagneticfluxdensity.Thesedevicesaretypicallyconstructedoutofan insulated wire coil and store energy in the magnetic field when passing an electric current through it. For the point, name these circuit components whose namesake quantity is measured in Henrys. | Inductors (acceptCoil,Choke, orReactor) |
| In the FLRW metric, this quantity is equal to a generalized cosmological constant symbolized "minus P C squared." The integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect is caused by the influence of this quantity. The existence of an increasing variety of this quantity, known as its phantom type, would cause the "big rip" end of the universe. For the point, name this unobserved quantity that drives the expansion oftheuniverseandmakesupthebulkofthe universe's mass-energy, more than twice as prevalentas dark matter. | Dark energy (do not accept or prompt on "darkmatter") |
| Modern measurements of this value use X-ray diffraction to quantify unit cell volumes in a siliconcrystallattice.Faraday'sconstantequalsthechargeofanelectrontimes this quantity,whichisalsomultipliedbyBoltzmann'sconstanttogivetheidealgasconstant. This constant equalsthenumberofatomsin12gramsofcarbon-12,whichisapproximately 6.022 times 10tothe23rdpower.Forthepoint,namethisconstantthatdefinesthenumber of particles in a mole, named for an Italian scientist. | Avogadro's number (orAvogadro's constant) |
| This hormone names a secretagogue [[see-KREH-tah-gog]] receptor 1A, which is activated by Ghrelin. Crowded teeth and enlarged hands and feetarecommonsymptomsof a disorder caused by this hormone. Excessive levels of this hormone can cause pituitary tumors and acromegaly [[ak-roh-MEH-gah-lee]]. Deficiencies of this hormone are the primary cause of human dwarfism. For the point, name this common performance-enhancing drug, a peptide hormone responsiblefor stimulating cell division. | HumanGrowth Hormone (or HGH; acceptSomatropinorSomatotropin) |
| Sodium content in this rock is the basis of the S-I [["S"-"EYE"]] classification. This rock, the intrusive counterpart of rhyolite, is the most common material found in Bornhardts. This rock forms its namesake domes at landmarks such as SugarloafMountain and Yosemite's Half Dome. This rock contains crystals of feldspar and quartz and predominantly makes up the continental crust. For the point, name this coarse grained igneous rock commonly used to make high end countertops. | Granite |
| High speed optical communication using this radiation relies on the C band of EDFAs. Along with ambient visible light, this is the primary radiation converted into electronsinnightvisiongoggles.Thisradiationnamesaformofspectroscopythatmeasures a molecule's vibrational transition. This radiation has wavelengths from 700 millimetersto one centimeter. For the point, name this radiation range with wavelengths longer thanthat of visible light. | Infraredlight (orIR) |
| While working at St. Thomas's Abbey, this scientist was prevented from studying mouse reproduction by the local bishop. This scientist's paper "Experiments on Plant Hybridization" led to the introduction of the laws of segregation and independent assortment. This scientist'sstudiesofPisumsativum[[PEE-soomsah-TEE-voom]]ledhimto coin the terms "dominant" and "recessive." For the point, name this 19th-centuryfriarwho studied inheritance among pea plants. | Gregor JohannMendel |
| One of these events in Lituya Bay, Alaska caused the largest ever measured mega-tsunami. Increases in pore pressure and hydrostatic pressure in surface cracks are common causes of these events. The field of predicting these events iscalledslopestability analysis. These events, which are a form ofmasswasting,areoftenprecededbyheavyrains destabilizing the surface layer. For the point, name these potentially catastrophic movements of rock and sediment down a slope. | Mudslides (acceptLandslides; acceptMudflows;acceptRockslides; accept Flow Slides; prompt on "mass wasting" before mentioned) |
| Bourdon [[boor-DOHN]] tubes utilize coil expansion due to this law to measure pressure. Stress-strain curveshavestraightlinesduetothislaw.Thislawcanbegeneralized as strain is proportional to stress in elastic materials. This law predicts that distance from equilibrium is negatively and directly proportional to the restoring force. For the point, name this law relating force to displacement, which models the behavior of springs as "F equals negative kx." | Hooke's law |
| This compound was first popularized due to pyrethrum [[pai-REE-thrum]] shortages. Up-regulation of cytochrome P450 conveys resistance to this organo-chlorine compound, which prevents sodium channels from closing. This chemical was implicated in decliningperegrinefalconandbaldeaglepopulationsasitaccumulatedintheirprey.Forthe point, name this pesticide that was largely banned following the revelation that it thinned eggshells after the release of Rachel Carson'sSilentSpring. | DDT (orDichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) |
| This material is produced usingepitaxy[[EH-pih-tak-see]]bygrowingitonlayersof silicon carbide in a form of chemical vapor deposition. This material exhibits an unusual half-integer form of the quantum Hall effect. Each atom in this material shares three sp2 hybridized orbitals, making it the strongest of all currently known materials. Andre Geim [[GIME]] employed micromechanical exfoliation and a silicon wafer to isolate layers of this material using Scotch tape and the primary component of pencil lead. For the point, name this 2D carbon allotrope arranged in a single-layeredhexagonal lattice. | Graphene (prompt on "Carbon Nanotubes"; do not accept or prompt on "graphite") |
| In systems with mass addition, this law is modified to include "U naught equals Usub1 plus Usub2." This law is extended to the enthalpy of a chemical reaction by Hess's law. This law, which is often notated as "delta U equals Q minus W," is equivalent tostating that first kind perpetual motion machines are impossible. For the point, namethislawthat states that the total amount of mass-energy in a systemis constant. | First LawofThermodynamics (prompt on "Conservationof Energy"; prompt on partial answers) |
| SwedishengineerHannesAlfvén[[HAH-nessAL-fee-yen]]saidthattheprerequisites for carrying out this task include stable geological formations and governments over thousands of years. One controversial method for carrying out thistaskinvolvesdepositing a certain substance into asubductionzone.Theprimarymethodforcarryingoutthistaskis called deep geological repository. For the point, identify this task of safely dealing with the waste products of fusion and fission. | Radioactive waste disposal (accept any answerindicating the disposal, storage, or management of waste products from nuclear powerplants or weapons) |
| In TheAnalyst,GeorgeBerkeley[[BAR-klee]]usedanerrorinvolvingthisvalueinhis critique of fluxions [[FLUK-shuns]] and infinitesimals, providing an example of "ghosts of departed quantities." This value represents the Turing degree of the partial computable functions. This value represents the bottomelementofaboundlatticeandisthecardinality of the empty set. For the point, name this number that creates an undefined expression as the denominator of a fraction. | Zero (acceptNaughtorNil) |
| This species's O157:H7 [[OH-157-H-7]] and O104:H4 [[OH-104-H-4]] serotypes [[SEE-roh-"types"]] are the most common cause of hemolytic-uremic [[hee-moh-LIH-tik-yoo-REE-mik]] syndrome by releasing Shiga [[SHEE-gah]] toxins. Lenski et al.'s ongoing evolution experiment with this species observed them spontaneously developing the ability to metabolize citrate [[SIT-"rate"]]. In humans, beneficial strains of this species are involved in producing vitamin K in the intestines. For the point, name this rod-shaped gram negative gut bacteria, a common modelorganism. | E. coli (orEscherichiacoli) |
| This location contains the highly saline Barsakelmes [[BAR-sah-KEL-mess]] Lake. This location is the origin of toxic dust storms that spread tuberculosisandcausecancerin former fishing towns such as Mo'ynoq [[MOY-nok]]. Desertification of this location was driven by agricultural diversion of the Syr Darya andAmuDaryarivers.Forthepoint,name this now mostly dried up Central Asian lake, formerly located on the border of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. | AralSeabed (orAralSea; acceptAralkumDesert) |
| Practitionersofthisfieldwhorejectscientificinductioninfavorofvitalistdogmaare called "straights," as contrasted with "mixers." This field was foundedanddevelopedbythe father-sonpairD.D.andB.J.Palmer.Thisfieldwasfoundedonpseudo-scientificclaimsofthe existence of lesions not visible on X-rays, termed vertebral subluxations [[sub-luk-SAY-shuns]]. For the point, name this field of alternative medicine based around performing spinal "alignments." | Chiropractic (accept word forms likeChiropractor) |
| In this country, an arena representingtheSunformspartoftheworld'slargestscale model of the Solar System. The author of Systema Naturae [[NAH-tyoo-ray]] was from this country. A village in this country is the namesake of four chemical elements, including Ytterbium [[ee-TER-bee-um]]. The home country of Svante Arrhenius [[SVAHN-teh ah-REE-nee-us]] and Arvid Carlsson, for the point, what is this country in which the presentation ceremonies of all three science NobelPrizes are held? | Kingdom ofSweden (or KonungariketSverige) |
| One paradigm used in this language replaced dataframes and tables with tibbles. That paradigm in this language uses ggplot2 [[G-G-PLOT-TWO]] and dplyr [[DEE-ply-er]] and isknownasthetidyverse.StablepackagesusedinthislanguagecanbehostedbyCRAN. This language is most commonly implemented in an Integrated Development Environment called [this language] "Studio." For thepoint,namethisopensourceprogramminglanguage primarily used for data and statistical analysis. | R (acceptRStudio) |
| This scientist countered Hoyle’s Fallacy, which proposed a tornado in a junkyard assembling a jet, by describing a complex god as the “ultimate Boeing 747.” This scientist described cultural features that are passed down in a way analogous to genes with the coined term "meme." This scientist popularized the gene-centered view of evolution in books such as River Out of Eden and The Selfish Gene. For the point, name this British evolutionary biologist, known for his criticisms ofreligion in his bookThe God Delusion. | RichardDawkins |
| Cancer of this organ is associated with the formation of a so-called "porcelain" on the walls of this organ by deposited calcium. This organ can be affected by cholesterolosis [[koh-leh-steh-RAH-loh-sis]], which is also known as "strawberry" [this organ]. This organ can be removed when it accumulates painful amounts of calcium salts and cholesterol, forming this organ's namesake stones. For the point, name this organ that receives and stores bile from the liver. | Gallbladder (acceptCholecyst) |
| This value is the same for all variables in a homoscedastic [[ho-mo-skee-DAS-tik]] data set. Bartlett's test, a type of F-test, compares two valuesforthisquantity,whichisalso analyzed by a set of models developed by Ronald Fisher called ANOVA [[ah-NO-vah]]. The parameter lambda for a Poisson [[pwa-SAHN]] distribution symbolizes both the expected value and this quantity, which is the square of the standard deviation. For the point, name this measure of how spread out a data set is. | Variance (accept Analysis ofvariance) |
| This scientist controversially refused to give her subjects numbers, instead opting for names like "Goliath." This scientist observed one animal population using twigs and grass to "fish" fortermites.Thisscientistobservedanonhuman"war"betweentheKasakela and Kahama communities of Gombe [[GOHM-beh]] National Park. For the point, name this English anthropologist and primatologist, a woman best known for studying Tanzanian chimpanzees. | JaneGoodall (or Valerie Jane Morris-Goodall;or Baroness Jane van Lawick-Goodall) |
| Since 2019, Huawei [[HWAH-WAY]] has been banned from implementing this technology in the U.S. due to espionage claims. This technology is themostrecentstandard developed bythe3rdGenerationPartnershipProject.ProtestorsintheUKwhobelievedthis technology was responsible for Covid-19 set fire to cell towers. The Samsung Galaxy S20 was the first smartphone compatible with this technology. For the point, name this latest broadband cellular standard. | 5GNR (or5GNew Radio] |
| This feature was explored by the Victor Vescovo-piloted RingofFireexpeditions.As part of Project Nekton, this feature was explored by the Auguste Piccard designed Trieste [[tree-ESS-teh]] vessel. One portion of this feature was explored by the Kaiko and Nereus unmanned submarines. This feature's southern end contains its deepest point, the Challenger Deep. Located near an American-controlled Pacific island group, for the point, what is this deepest point in the ocean? | Mariana Trench (orMarianas Trench; acceptChallenger Deepbefore mentioned) |
| Kruskal’s and Prim’s algorithms can beusedtoproduceoneofthesedatastructures which connects all vertices of a graphwithminimumedgeweights.Thered-blackvarietyof this data structure is self-balancing,differentiatingitfromthebinarysearchvariety,andthe first node of this structure is known as the root node. For the point, name this typeofdata structure whose terminal nodes are referred to asleaf nodes rather than branches. | Tree (accept Binary SearchTreebefore mentioned;accept Binarytree; prompt on "graph" before mentioned) |
| Photoevaporation-driven mass loss prevents these objects from forming in the Fulton gap. The most common methods for detecting these objects include the radial velocity methodandthetransitmethod.Whenfoundinthehabitablezone,theseobjectsare said to be in the "goldilocks" zone. Examples of these objects include super-Earths and hot Jupiters. For the point, name these rocky or gaseous bodies that orbit stars other than our Sun. | Exoplanets (accept any answer indicating extrasolarplanets; accept answers such as planets outside our solar system; prompt on"planet"s) |
| This man names a thought experiment about observing where objects land after being dropped from a ship's mast. This man's final book was a discourse on the study of motion and the study of materials titled Two New Sciences. The publication of this man's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems led to him being condemned by the inquisition for his heliocentrism. For the point, namethisscientistwhoobservedagroupof namesake moons of Jupiter. | GalileoGalilei (or GalileoGalilei) |