| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This quantity is plotted versus orbital binding energy on a Walsh diagram. The reaction of a nucleophile with a carbonyl group is defined by one form of this quantity named for Bürgi [[BOOR-gee]] and Dunitz [[DUN-itz]]. The combination of torsional strain and small values for thisquantityleadstosignificantringstrainincyclopropane.Becauseof greater repulsive forces, replacing a substituent with a lone pair decreases this quantity according to VSEPR [[VES-per]]theory.Forthepoint,namethisquantitythatis120degrees for trigonal planar molecules and 109.5 degrees formethane. | Bond Angle (acceptAngle of Attack; prompton "angle") |
| This theory was first proposed by Alan Guth to explain the non-existence of magnetic monopoles. This theory proposes that the early universe underwent a rapid cooling on the order of 100 thousand times prior to its thermalization. This theory's namesake epochoccurredfromtentothenegative36totentothenegative32secondsafter the universal singularity. For the point, name this theory that statesthesizeoftheuniverse rapidly increased shortly after the Big Bang. | Cosmicinflation (or Cosmologicalinflation;acceptInflationary epoch) |
| The Grotthuss [[GROHT-hooss]] mechanism is a minor consequence of this effect, which names a technique developed by Binnig and Rohrer which can image individual atoms. In addition to that form of microscopy, this effect was used by George Gamow to explain alpha decay. This effect is illustrated with a non-zero wave function outside afinite potential well. For the point, name this phenomenon in which an atom passes through a normally impassable barrier, unexplainable by classicalmechanics. | QuantumTunneling |
| Two phenol [[FEE-nahl]] groups are found in a brominated example of these substances used to track the progression of gel electrophoresis [[ee-lek-tro-foh-REE-sis]]. Urine or saliva tests may use a type of Hydrion paper blotted with these substances, one example of which is called bromothymol [[bro-moh-"THIGH"-mol]] blue. One of these substancescalledphenolphthalein[[fee-nolf-THAY-leen]]turnspinkattheequivalencepoint of a titration. For the point, name these substances that change color at differentpHlevels, which include red cabbage juice and litmus. | pHIndicators (or acid-baseIndicators; acceptColor Markers; prompt on "dye"; prompt on "litmus") |
| Molecules with this property attracteachothervia"pi-pistacking"interactions.The Friedel-Crafts reaction attaches functional groups to molecules with this property, which must have a conjugated system and "4 n plus2pi"electronsaccordingtoHuckel'srule.Any cyclic planar molecule with delocalized electrons is defined as having, for the point, what stabilizing property possessed by benzene and originallynamed for its pleasant odor? | Aromaticity (prompt on "Cyclic"; prompt on"Planar") |
| For some metal alloys, exposure to hydrogen can cause the environmental stress type of this process. In the fatigue form of thisprocess,repeatedapplicationofforcecauses the spread of striations. Forductilematerials,thisprocessoccursafterstrainhardeningand necking at the end point of a stress-strain curve. In highly brittle materials, this process occurs without plastic deformation. This process occurs withthepropagationofcracks.For the point, name this process that occurs when stresscauses solid objects to break in two. | Fracture (accept word forms; accept EnvironmentalStressFracture; accept Cracking or FatigueCrackbefore mentioned) |
| Grignard [[green-YARD]] reagents are commonly stored in a ring-shaped solvent with this functional group called THF. This functional group is made by reacting an alkyl halide with an alcohol in a synthesis reaction named for Williamson. Three-atom cyclic examples of these molecules are called epoxides. For the point, name this functional group consisting of two carbon chains bonded to a single oxygen atom, whose "diethyl" type was formerly a common anesthetic. | Ethers (accept DiethylEther) |
| Lewis Binford promulgated the "new" form of this field in abookthatsaidthisfield is "anthropology or it is nothing." The study of seemingly unimportant features inthisfield was popularized byInSmallThingsForgottenbyJamesDeetz.Popularmethodologiesofthis field include remote sensing and analysis of physical culture.Forthepoint,namethissocial science field that involves excavating old human settlements. | Archaeology (accept word forms) |
| An ion in its lowest possible energy stateisproducedinatypeofionizationprocess with this property. The heat capacity ratio is often known as this property's index. This property is usually only possible in insulated systems, because it only occurs when the change in internal energy equals work. Along with reversibility, isentropic processes possess this property. For the point, name this property of processes that have zero heat transfer. | Adiabatic (acceptAdiabaticindex) |
| An organism's field metabolic rate is commonly measured by treatment with this molecule, a type of DLW. The CANDU reactor uses this molecule as a neutron moderatorto avoid the need for enriched uranium. This common NMR solvent has a mass of 20 daltons because of its two extra neutrons. For the point, name this molecule that contains two deuterium atoms bonded to an oxygen atom and has a larger mass than asimilaruniversal solvent. | Heavy Water (orDeuterium Oxide; orD2Oor2H2O; prompt on "Deuterium"; do not accept or prompt on "water" or "H2O") |
| This mountain rangeishometotheonlyextantshortfacedbear,thespectacledbear. This range is home to a genus of high altitude hummingbirds known as hillstars. This range's northern end is home to the Mountain Tapir, and thismountainrangeisthenatural habitat of chinchillas and guinea pigs. Wild camelids found in this mountain range include the vicuña [[vih-KOO-nyah]] and guanaco[[gwah-NAH-koh]].Forthepoint,namethisSouth American mountain range home to alpacas and llamas. | AndesMountains (or Cordillera de losAndes;acceptAndeanMountains; prompt on "Altiplano") |
| The Torino or Palermo scales are used to assess the risks posed by some of these objects. Some of these objects that orbit in the L4 and L6 points ofJupiterandNeptuneare known as Trojans. The largest and first-discovered example of these objects was predicted to exist by the debunked Bode's [[BOADS]] Law and is named Ceres [[SEE-rees]]. For the point, name these large, rocky masses that orbit thesun in a namesake "belt." | Asteroids (acceptAsteroidbelt; prompt on"minor planet" or "planetoid") |
| This compound formisdividedintodrivinganddrivenvarietiesbasedonwhetherit has the potential to condense out of the atmosphere. This compound form is the most abundant and potent greenhouse gas in Earth's atmosphere. Suddenly exceeding the saturation point of this compound form in the atmosphere can lead to cloudburst precipitation. Concentration of this compound form is measured as humidity.Forthepoint, name this greenhouse gas which condensates to formclouds. | Water Vapor (acceptAqueous vapor; prompton "water"; prompt on "H20"; do not accept or prompt on "Steam") |
| These hormones are notably produced in the zona fasciculata [[fah-sih-kyoo-LAH-tah]] and zona reticularis [[reh-tih-kyoo-LAY-riss]]. Aspirin and ibuprofen are part of a class of painkillers named for the fact that they do not act on these hormones. Examples of these hormones include the androgen and estrogen sex hormones. Cholesterol is in a class of precursors for these hormones, which include stress hormones like cortisol. For the point, name these hormones, whose anabolic variety are illegallyused to grow muscle mass. | Steroids (accept Anabolicsteroids; prompton "Corticoids") |
| The kinetic energy of the output of this effect is equal to the work function subtracted from Planck’s constant times frequency. A coil with a spark gap was used to observe this effect by Heinrich Hertz. Robert Millikan verified that this effect's output is related to frequency but not intensity. Albert Einstein's 1921 NobelPrizeinPhysicswasfor his work on this effect. For the point, name this effect inwhichelectronsareemittedunder light. | PhotoelectricEffect |
| It’s not five, but this many up-arrows represents the pentation operator. Graham’s number uses this integer as a base for a hyperoperation, and there are this many Frenet-Serret [[freh-NEH-seh-REH]] formulas, which in total concern this many vectors. Apéry’s [[ah-PEH-rees]] constant is the value oftheRiemannzetafunctionwiththisinteger as an input. The area of a polygon with this many sides can be calculated using Heron’s formula. For the point, what number is the degreeof a cubic polynomial? | Three |
| The bites of these animals spread the malaria-like disease Babesiosis [[bah-bee-see-OH-sis]] tohumansandthosewhoareinfectedareunabletodonateforblood transfusions. One disease spread by these animals can be diagnosed by a bullseye rash. These animals are the primary vector for human infections of Rickettsia rickettsii [[rih-KET-see-uh rih-KET-see-"eye"]], the causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. For the point, name these parasitic arachnids, theprimary carriers of Lyme disease. | Ticks (orIxodida; accept American dogticks;accept Rocky Mountain Wood Ticks; accept Brown dogticks; accept Black-leggedticks; accept Bearticks; accept Deer ticks; prompt on "arachnids" before mentioned) |
| The citrate of this element can be used to prevent kidney stones and is used as a laxative to prepare for colonoscopies. Calcined dolomite can be used topurifythiselement. Grignard [[green-YARD]] reagents are characterized by containing this element. This element's sulfate is often used for anti-inflammatory soaks and is called epsom salt. In a flame test, this element emits bright white light. For the point, name this alkaliearthmetal with number 12. | Magnesium (acceptMg; acceptMagnesiumcitrate) |
| This man falsely claimed to have executed a controlledlandingaftercrashingwitha parachute near a peasant man and his daughter. ThismandiedalongwithColonelVladimir Seryogin [[seh-ree-OH-gin]] while pilotinganexperimentalMiG-15aircraftnearthetownof Novosyolovo [[no-vo-syo-LO-vo]]. During his most significant mission, this man allegedly said, "I don't see any God up here." The pilot of Vostok I, for the point, who was this Soviet cosmonaut, the first human to reach space? | YuriGagarin |
| A technique developed in these organisms uses "Bait" and "Prey"domainstodetect protein-protein interactions in a "two-hybrid assay." One of these organisms with both "a" and "alpha" mating types was the first eukaryote [[yoo-KAY-ree-oat]] to have its genome entirely sequenced. These organisms include Candida albicans and members of the genus Saccharomyces [[sah-kah-roh-"MY"-sees]], which can release carbon dioxide and ethanol during fermentation. For the point, name these single-celled fungi used during beer and bread making. | Yeasts (acceptSaccharomycesbefore mentioned;acceptSaccharomyces cerevisiae; prompt on "fungi") |
| In the Earth's atmosphere, the Birkeland currents are carried by these substances. These substances are confined with magnetic fields in a tokamak [[TOH-kah-mak]]. As in electrolyte solutions, the range of a particle's electrostatic effect in this state is givenasthe Debye [[deh-"BYE"]] length. Nuclear fusion is only possible if matter is inthisstate.Forthe point, name this fourth state of matter, a collection of highly energized gas atoms found in stars. | Plasma |
| The presence of a three-body scatter spike on a radar map is indicative of the presence of these objects. These objects maintain a liquid core due to releasing latent heat during formation. These objects begin to form when supercooled water comes into contact with dust nucleation sites. These objects form after repeated passing through updrafts in cumulonimbus cloudsduringseverestorms.Forthepoint,nametheseicyobjectsthatfallas precipitation. | Hailstones |
| This scientist inverted his benefactor's temperature scale to create the modern Celsius system. This scientist's major work popularized a scientific racist theory of classifying humans into four groups based on skin tone and alleged personality. This scientist's Systema Naturae is credited with standardizing binomial nomenclature and modern taxonomy. For the point, name this taxonomist who invented the modern Latin naming convention for organisms. | CarlLinnaeus (or Carl vonLinné; or CarolusLinnæus; prompt on "Linnaean system" or "Linnaean taxonomy") |
| Three times this quantity cubed makes up the denominator of the Larmor [[LAR-mor]] formula. Exceeding this quantity inacertainmediumresultsintheemissionof Cherenkov [[che-REN-kof]] radiation. Particles that can hypothetically exceed this quantity in a vacuum are known as tachyons [[TAK-ee-ons]]. Mass energy equivalenceisestablished by a formula that sets energy equal to masstimesthisquantitysquared.Representedas"c" in Einstein's formula "e equals mcsquared,"forthepoint,whatisthisrateatwhichphotons move? | Speed of Light (orLightspeed; prompt on "c") |
| Western people may be more susceptible to the Sander type of these phenomena due to living in more regularly-shaped homes. One of these phenomena caused by lateral neural inhibition is named for Ernst Mach [[MOCK]]. Many of these phenomena originate from a confused figure-ground distinction.Theautokineticeffectisoneofthesephenomena that suggests movement. For the point, name these phenomena, which trick the brain into processing visual data incorrectly. | Opticalillusions (accept Visualillusions) |
| The application of this substance was first scientifically studied by University of Illinois bioethicist Arthur Galston. This substance is composed of equal parts dichlorophenoxyacetic [["die"-klo-ro-feh-NAHK-see-ah-SEH-tik]] acid and trichlorophenoxyacetic [["try"-klo-ro-feh-NAHK-see-ah-SET-tik]] acid. The first use of this substance occurred during the Malaysian Emergency. This substance is the best known of theso-calledRainbowHerbicides.Forthepoint,namethisdefoliantusedtoclearoutforests during the Vietnam War. | Agent orange |
| This region is home to terrigenous sediment that forms Calcareous [[kal-KAY-ree-us]] and Siliceous [[sih-LIH-see-us]] oozes. The most remote portions of this region are primarily covered in hematite [[HEE-mah-"tight"]] rich "red clay." This region is hometoformationssuchasblackandwhitesmokers.Coldseepsalongthisregioncanresult in the formation of brine pools. Organisms that live near this region are collectivelyknown as benthos, which often cluster around hydrothermal vents. For the point, name this rocky region at the bottom of the ocean. | Sea floor (orOcean floor; acceptBedin placeofFloor; acceptBottomin place ofFloorbefore mentioned) |
| The production of this molecule in plant seeds is the primary mechanism for removing ammonia. This molecule's receptors are activated by a class of hallucinogenic drugs that includes psilocin [["SIGH"-loh-sin]] and LSD. When preparedforgastrointestinal use, this molecule is synthesized and secreted by enterochromaffin [[en-teh-roh-KROH-mah-fin]] cells, which synthesize it from tryptophan [[TRIP-toh-fan]]. Lexapro, Zoloft, and Prozac are name brand examples of this neurotransmitter's selective re-uptake inhibitors. For the point, name this appetite and mood-regulating neurotransmitter. | Serotonin[[seh-roh-TOH-nin]] (accept5-hydroxytryptamine;or5-HT) |
| A basis of unit vectors withthispropertyisgeneratedbytheGram-Schmidtprocess. The transpose of a matrix with this property always equals its inverse. A triangle's circumcenter lies at the intersection of lines named for this property, which is also possessed bytwovectorswhosedotproductequalszero.Twolineswithoppositereciprocal slopes have this relative property. For the point, name thispropertyoflinesthatmeetat90 degree angles. | Perpendicularity (acceptOrthogonality; acceptNormal; acceptOrthonormal; acceptRight anglesor90 degree anglesbefore mentioned;prompt on "bisector" or "bisecting") |
| Most members of this classification are part of the Olfactores [[ohl-fac-TOH-res]] clade [[KLAYD]], which is named for possessing specialized smell organs. Along with Echinodermata [[ee-kai-no-der-MAH-tah]] and acorn worms, members of this phylum are deuterostomes [[doo-TEH-roh-stohms]], meaning they have a separate mouth and anus. Members of this phylum possess either pharyngeal [["fair"-en-JEE-ahl]] pouches or pharyngeal slits while in their embryonic state. For the point, name this animal phylum named for possessing a namesake cartilage tube orbackbone. | Chordata (orChordates) |
| The Faber-Jackson and Tully-Fisher equations relate the stellar velocity dispersion of these entities to their luminosity, and Hubble’s tuning fork diagram is used to classify theseentities.Inapproximatelyfourbillionyears,twoofthesewillcollide,creatinganentity named "Milkomeda" [["milk"-AH-meh-dah]]. Coming in irregular, spiral, and elliptical varieties, for the point, what are these large collections of dust, dark matter, and stars, of which Andromeda is one? | Galaxy (acceptGalaxies; accept Milkomedagalaxyor Milkdromedagalaxy; accept Andromedagalaxy; accept Irregular, Spiral,or Ellipticalgalaxy) |
| Variations in the upper and lower portions of these systems are described by Bradshaw's model. Biospheres located along these systems are classified as crenon, rhithron, and potamon [[poh-TAH-mun]]. Studies of these systems introduced Strahler [[STRAY-ler]] numbers for describing branch order. Riparian [["rye"-"PAIR"-ee-an]] zones form buffer areas around these systems. Cutting off sections of thesebodiesofwaterforms oxbow lakes. For the point, name these bodies of waterthat flow into the sea at deltas. | Rivers (accept more narrow synonyms such asStream,Brook,Creek, or Rivulet) |
| The cold molding method of making these objects involves binding thin pieces of wood together with epoxy to produce rigidity. The transom supports of these devices connect to the sterndrive. These devices are divided into inboard and outboard motor varieties based on the placement of their propeller. These devices can be steered by redirecting fluid with a rudder. For the point, name these vehicles, examples of which include canoes. | Boat (orShip; accept MotorBoatbefore "canoe"is mentioned) |
| These entities can be described using only mass, angular momentum, and charge, rendering them “hairless”, and energy can be extracted from one of these entities via the Penrose process. An object approaching one of these entities will become increasingly redshifted and eventually stop moving, and the boundary of that occurrence with these objects is known as the event horizon. For the point, name these gravitational singularities from which even light cannot escape. | Black holes |
| During the winter in South Korea, frozen sausages are often used to interact with this technology. Extended use ofthistechnologywithoutrestcanleadtoarepetitivemotion injury commonly known as "gorilla arm." Mobile devices often employ haptics to improve user experience with thistechnology.Pinchesandmulti-fingerswipesarecommongestures used with this technology. For the point, name this technology used to give inputs when using smartphones. | Touch screen (accept descriptive answers involvingscreens which are operated bytouch) |
| With people, these animals title a pseudo-scientific intelligent design textbook written by Percival Davis. A grip-assisting extension of this animal's sesamoid [[SEH-sah-moyd]] bone was used as an example of a spandrel in a Stephen Jay Gouldessay titled for this animal's "thumb." Due to their lackofinterestinmatingincaptivity,amethod of artificial insemination using liquid nitrogen was developed. For the point, name these black and white bamboo-eating bears from China. | GiantPandas (orAiluropoda melanoleuca; acceptPandabears) |