| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This entity was targeted by riots after foreign minister Aquilino Boyd suggested a "peaceful invasion" of it. This polity was subjected to violence in 1964 after the "Flag Pole Incident," which caused Roberto Chiari to break off diplomatic relations with a certain country. This polity, which was created by the Hay–Bunau-Varilla [[vah-REE-yah]] Treaty, had its capital at Balboa and was abolished with the Torrijos–Carter Treaties. For the point, name this zone which surrounded a namesake Central American waterway. | Panama Canal Zone (accept Zona del Canal de Panamá; prompt on "Panama" or "Canal") |
| This man was jailed in Paris by the revolutionary government for conspiring with Charles François Dumouriez. After his defeat at the Battle of San Mateo by the forces of Juan Domingo Monteverde, this man was sent to die in a prison in Cádiz. This leader proposed an empire that would stretch from the Mississippi to Cape Horn, and this man created the Supreme Junta of Caracas after he deposed its colonial government. For the point, name this "First Universal Venezuelan," widely regarded as a direct forerunner to Simón Bolívar. | Francisco de Miranda (accept Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez de Espinoza) |
| After being sent to Spain, this man commanded the Galician Hussars as a Sergeant Major in the Peninsular War. This leader imported the first printing press into his country, successfully expelled the Spanish from Concepción, and founded the Instituto Nacional. This man's disagreements with Lautaro Lodge members Jose de San Martin and Bernardo O'Higgins led to his exile in Montevideo. For the point, name this general and President of the First Chilean Governing Council. | José Miguel Carrera (or José Miguel Carrera Verdugo) |
| This city was the location Barradas Expedition, where forces under the command of Isidro Barradas failed to recapture one country for Spain. This city was liberated from that Spanish Invasion in 1829 by Antonio López de Santa Anna. This city was the location of a namesake affair in which nine sailors were detained after going ashore for supplies during the Mexican Revolution, leading to the U.S. occupation of Veracruz. For the point, name this city in southern Tamaulipas, a major oil producing port on the Gulf of Mexico. | Tampico (accept Tampico Affair) |
| One ratifier of this document was believed to have been poisoned by another ratifier less than two months after it was signed. The signers of this document offered a title to Ferdinand VII [[the Seventh]], but he refused the title after claiming this agreement as void. This agreement, which shares its name with a city in the state of Veracruz, was signed by Jefe [[HEH-feh]] Politico Superior Juan O'Donojú and Agustín de Iturbide. Based on the Plan de Iguala, this is, for the point, what treaty that ended the Mexican War of Independence? | Treaty of Córdoba |
| The AVP led one secessionist and independence movement from this country which was ultimately successful in 1996. The Real Alternative Party, or PAR, was founded to oppose dissolution movements within this country. Upon dissolution, this country's flag consisted of five stars on a blue and red cross on a white background. For the point, name this former constituent kingdom of a European country that was reorganized in 2010 into three separate constituent countries of Sint Maarten, Curaçao [[cur-uh-SAO]], and Aruba. | Netherlands Antilles (or Dutch Antilles; prompt on partial answers) |
| One conspiracy theory surrounding this battle was that the surrender of the Royalists was decided by Juan Antonio Monet. The royalist army during this battle had battalion reserves named the "Gerona" and "Ferdinand VII" [[the Seventh]]. The Commander of the United Liberation Army, Antonio José de Sucre, was wounded during this battle, which resulted in General José Canterac signing an honorable capitulation a day after José de la Serna was captured. For the point, name this 1824 battle that ended the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. | Battle of Ayacucho |
| This man and Bernardino Rivadavia led a campaign to Europe to try to gain independence for his county. As a member of the Primera Junta, this man led military campaigns like the Battle of Tucumán and the Battle of Salta. This man created his country's flag while defending the city of Rosario from the Eastern Band of the Uruguay River. A cruiser named for this man during a 1980s conflict was torpedoed on the orders of Margaret Thatcher. The Argentine flag was created by, for the point, what predecessor of José de San Martin, an Argentine liberator? | Manuel Belgrano (or Manuel José Joaquin del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano; accept General Belgrano) |
| Quilali served as a base of operations for this man, whose forces destroyed an operation in La Luz partly owned by the Fletcher brothers. Juan Batista Sacasa provided arms for this man, who was once allied with the Salvadorean Farabundo Marti. The wife of an assassinated editor who would defeat an organization named for this man was Violeta Chamorro. Anastasio Somoza was opposed by this man, who launched one campaign after an earthquake weakened the government in Managua. For the point, name this revolutionary who led namesake guerilla fighters in Nicaragua. | Augusto César Sandinho (accept Augusto Nicolás Calderón de Sandino y José de María Sandino; accept Sandinistas) |
| Sir Wilfred Jacobs served as the first governor-general of this country, whose Progressive Labour Movement helped secure this country's independence. With Errol Barrow and Forbes Burnham, this country's national hero founded the Caribbean Free Trade Association. Books such as Lucy and Annie John discuss colonial life in this country, drawing from the experiences of native author Jamaica Kincaid. Vere Bird helped secure the independence from Britain of, for the point, what country that consists of two major islands and is now governed from St. John's? | Antigua and Barbuda (prompt on partial answers) |
| One participant of this meeting resigned as Protector of Peru and retired to France shortly after. In the hours after this meeting, another participant in this meeting proposed a toast to "the two greatest men in South America" just hours after it took place. The future of Peru was decided by, for the point, what 1822 meeting between José de San Martin and Simón Bolívar, which took place in the second-largest city in Ecuador? | Guayaquil Conference |
| Francisco Javier de Elío served as governor of this country's capital and appointed José Posadas to head his forces during the Battle of Las Piedras. The Thirty-Three Orientals, led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja [[lah-vah-YEH-hah]], were instrumental in securing this country's independence. Following this country's independence, the Blancos and Colorados fought a thirteen-year civil war. For the point, name this country whose independence was recognized in the Treaty of Montevideo. | Oriental Republic of Uruguay (accept República Oriental del Uruguay) |
| This country crushed the Rupununi Uprising three years after its independence. This country signed the Geneva Agreement with a western neighbor as well as this country's former colonial master, which dealt with its Esequiba region. This country elected the first ethnically Chinese president to lead a non-Asian country in 1970, Arthur Chung. Forbes Burnham led this country's People's Progressive Party's calls for independence and served as this country's first prime minister. For the point, name this Co-operative Republic that gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1966. | Guyana (or Co-operative Republic of Guyana) |
| This country's ABC Highway features the Emancipation Statue, showing a man breaking free of chains in honor of Bussa's rebellion. This country's first premier, Grantley Herbert Adams, was also the only prime minister of the West Indies Federation. In 2021, this country's parliament elected Sandra Mason as its president, and left the Commonwealth realm to become a republic. For the point, name this former sugar industry center, the easternmost country of the Caribbean, governed from Bridgetown. | Barbados |
| Trade Development Board Chairman Henry Vassey proposed that Bermuda do this action in 1949. Premier Rufus Ewing stated that he was open to committing this action in the future while visiting one country in 2014. One proposal at the Paris Peace Conference involved the Alaska Panhandle committing this action in exchange for the U.S. acquiring British possessions in the Caribbean. In 2004, Nova Scotia passed a resolution supporting Turks and Caicos' right to do this action. For the point, name this action which the Dominion of Newfoundland did in 1949. | joining Canada (accept clear-knowlege equivalents) |
| Jane Cazneau was a notable female advocate for these people, whose activities were officially outlawed in the Neutrality Act of 1818. Newspaper publisher Horace Bell was one of these people, and the participants of Operation Red Dog are often considered to be the last of these people. William Walker is the most famous of these people and attempted to invade Nicaragua in their namesake war. For the point, name these people who engaged in unauthorized military expeditions in Latin America, often to support U.S. political and economic interests. | filibuster (or filibustero; accept freebooter; prompt on answers like "mercenary" or "soldier of fortune") |
| Early fighting at this battle first occurred at the Casa de Teja, and the victorious side at this battle and the British Legion achieved victory less than two weeks earlier at the Battle of Vargas Swamp. This battle's namesake bridge crosses over the Teatinos river and Bogota-Tunja [[TOON-huh]] highway. For the point, name this 1819 victory for Francisco Santander and Simon Bolivar over Royalist forces in the New Kingdom of Granada roughly 150 kilometers north of Bogota that led to the creation of Gran Colombia. | Battle of Boyacá |
| This man refused a plan to escape execution devised by Felix Salm-Salm because he felt that shaving his beard would undermine his dignity. This man gave a gold coin to his executioners to keep his face intact, after which he was killed in Querétaro with generals Tomás Mejía and Miguel Miramón. This man. who led Conservative Party forces against Benito Juárez, was supported by Napoleon III. For the point, name this Austrian archduke who led Mexico as its second emperor in the 1860s. | Maximilian I of Mexico |
| This person gave a series of lectures that included With Everyone, and for the Good of All and The New Pines to immigrant clubs in Tampa. This man founded his country's Revolutionary Party as well as the Patria newspaper. This writer died fighting at the Battle of Dos Rios and several of his poems from Simple Verses were later adapted into the song "Guantanamera." For the point, name this martyr, poet, and "Apostle of Cuban Independence" who is the namesake of Havana's main airport. | José Martí (or José Julián Martí Pérez) |
| Fulgencio Yegros served as this country's first head of state and was later executed by a leader nicknamed "El Supremo." That leader of this country forbade interracial marriage and aimed to create a utopian society based on Rosseau's Social Contract, largely leaving this country isolated from its neighbors. For the point, name this country whose independence movement from Spain and the United Provinces of Rio de La Plata was led by José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, who later ruled this country as Dictator for over twenty years. | Paraguay |
| This country's Coral Gardens massacre was ordered by Alexander Bustamante, and its settlement of Cudjoe's Town in Cockpit County was a haven for runaway slaves. The independence of this country led to the Cayman Islands becoming directly administered by the British, this country's decolonization was accelerated by Norman Manley. Marcus Garvey was deported to this country after his sentence was commuted by Calvin Coolidge. For the point, name this country, the birthplace of the Rastafari movement. | Jamaica (or Jumieka) |
| Historian A. J. P. Taylor called this person "the only wholly admirable figure in modern history" and this general met his wife Anita while fighting in the Ragamuffin War. In another conflict, this man led sacks of Gualeguaychú [[gwah-leh-GWY-choo]] and defended one country's capital from attacks by Manuel Oribe's Blancos. For the point, name this general and revolutionary known for his involvement in 19th century conflicts in Brazil and Uruguay before returning to Europe to help unify his homeland, Italy. | Giuseppe Garibaldi (or Giuseppe Maria Garibaldi) |
| A 1942 riot in this modern-day country over low wages was crushed by then- governor the Duke of Windsor, who had given up the title Edward VIII [[the Eighth]]. A slave revolt aboard the Creole led to its captives being freed in this modern country's capital city. Lynden Pindling is regarded as the "Father of [this nation]", having led its independence movement and served as its first prime minister. For the point, name this Caribbean country that received independence from Great Britain in 1973 and is governed from Nassau. | Commonwealth of The Bahamas |
| This man's authoritarian policies were opposed by the Confederation of the Equator, which he crushed. This man's first wife, Maria Leopoldina, died after suffering a miscarriage during the same time his government fought against the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata in a conflict known as the Cisplatine War. This son of King Dom John VI [[the Sixth]] and Queen Carlota Joaquina shouted, "Independence or death!" in an event known as the "Cry of Ipiranga." For the point, name this "liberator" who served as the first Emperor of Brazil. | Pedro I of Brazil (or Pedro IV of Portugal) |
| José Fernández y Félix changed his name to honor this figure, followed by "Victoria" for victory. This figure, which was allegedly seen at Tepeyac hill by Juan Diego, was adopted on the seal of a certain revolutionary's forces at the Congress of Chilpancingo. This figure was displayed on banners used by the forces of Emiliano Zapata and Miguel Hidalgo. For the point, name this figure, an alleged apparition of Mary which is a symbol of Mexico. | Our Lady of Guadalupe (or Virgin of Guadalupe; or Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe; or Virgen de Guadalupe) |
| This body resolved a dispute between Edward Pearcy and Nevada Stranahan over whether the Isle of Youth was not subject to tariffs until the Hay-Quesada Treaty was ratified. Melville Fuller headed this body, which also determined that the U.S. constitution did not necessarily apply to holdings gained in the Spanish-American war in one of the "Insular Cases." For the point, name this American legal body which decided cases such as Downes v. Bidwell. | Supreme Court of the United States (or SCOTUS) |