| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| In the painting Embrace of Acatempan, Ramón Sagredo depicted this man embracing Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña. This man, who was known as the "Iron Dragon" early in his military career, (+) claimed that the only battle he lost was the Battle of Monte de las Cruces. Antonio López de Santa Anna opposed this man in the Plan of Veracruz, and this man's Plan of Iguala led to the establishment of the Army of the Three (*) Guarantees. For the points, name this army general who reigned as the first Emperor of Mexico. | Agustín de Iturbide [[ee-toor-BEE-deh]] (or Agustín Cosme Damián de Iturbide y Arámburu; or Agustín I; accept Agustín of Mexico) |
| The anniversary of this battle is celebrated regionally in Zulia on July 24, the same day Simón Bolívar was born. This isn't the Battle of Carabobo, but this battle, also known as the "Naval Battle of the Lake," (+) saw the explosion of the Esperanza. During this battle, the Royalist army was commanded by Captain Ángel Laborde, who unsuccessfully sent a truce to Republican Admiral José Prudencio. The Republic of Gran Colombia defeated (*) Spain in, for the points, what last battle of the Venezuelan War of Independence, named after a large lake within the same country? | Battle of Lake Maracaibo (accept Naval Battle of the Lake before mentioned) |
| This person donned a mustache during social gathering after she took it off a dead solider during the Battle of Ayacucho. This person actively participated in the conspiracy against José de la Serna e Hinojosa, (+) in which she, along with Rosa Campuzano, successfully recruited defectors from the royalist army. This woman was dubbed the "liberator of the liberator" after she prevented two assassination attempts on her lover, (*) Simón Bolívar. For the points, name this female Ecuadorian revolutionary and spy. | Manuela Sáenz (or Manuela Sáenz de Vergara y Aizpuru) |
| President James K. Polk called this document, "a general treaty of peace, amity, navigation, and commerce" when speaking to the Senate. A railway linking the Atlantic Ocean the Pacific Ocean (+) was built as a result of this treaty, which gave the United States transit rights over the designated area. The neutrality of an isthmus (*) was a condition of, for the points, what treaty which granted the United States access to the Isthmus of Panama in exchange for the sovereignty of New Granada? | Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty (accept Bidlack Treaty; accept New Grenada Treaty before "New Grenada" is mentioned) |
| One side of this conflict was taught by Máximo Gómez how to conduct a machete charge. This conflict began with the proclamation of the "10th of October Manifesto" at La Demajagua [[deh-muh-HAH-gwah]], (+) which was made by sugar plantation owner Carlos Manuel de Céspedes. The Little War followed this conflict, which was ended by the Pact of Zanjón [[sahn-HOON]]. Fought from 1868 to 1878, this is, (*) for the points, what conflict, the first of three wars in the struggle for Cuban independence? | Ten Years' War (or Guerra de los Diez Años; accept Great War; accept War of '68 before "1868" is mentioned) |
| This man taught geology at the University of Coimbra and names a nesosilicate mineral of the garnet group. This man, who published his Sundry Poetries under the name Américo Elísio, (+) was dismissed from his government post due to his proposals for the abolition of slavery. This man proposed establishing an inland capital and was sent into exile in France after the Night of (*) Agony. For the points, name this statesman and one-time ally of Pedro I, a chief advocate for Brazilian independence. | José Bonifácio de Andrada (or José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva; accept Américo Elísio before mentioned) |
| This political union's first and only governor-general was Patrick Buchan- Hepburn, and Grantley Herbert Adams served as this political union's first and only prime minister. Edna Manley designed the flag of this political union, which consisted of a yellow circle on a blue background (+) with four white wavy lines. The dissolution of this political union was succeeded by the Caribbean Free Trade Association, or the CARIFTA. Formed between 1958 to 1962, this is, (*) for the points, what short-lived "Federation" made up of multiple Caribbean nations such as Jamaica, Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago? | West Indies Federation (or West Indian Federation; prompt on "British West Indies") |
| In a symbolic gesture on Black Tuesday, this man threw the Speaker of the House of Assembly's mace out the window to signify the handing of power to the people. This politician, who led his country's Progressive Liberal Party for almost thirty (+) years, once stated, "The people of this great little democracy have spoken in a most dignified and eloquent manner," upon losing an election to Hubert (*) Ingraham. For the points, name this "Father of the Nation" who led the Bahamian independence movement and served as the country's first prime minister from 1969 to 1992. | Sir Lynden Pindling (or Lynden Oscar Pindling) |
| This city adjoins Villa del Rosario, a town where its most famous son, nicknamed "The Man of the Laws," was born. The "Admirable Campaign" began after a victory by independence forces in this city (+) in conjunction with Santiago Mariño, continuing onto the city of Mérida. Francisco de Paula Santander was elected as the vice president of a certain polity in this city, where the Congress of Angostura reconvened after the Battle of (*) Carabobo. For the points, name this city where a namesake congress created Gran Colombia, now located on the Venezuelan border. | Cúcuta (or San José de Cúcuta; accept Battle of Cúcuta; accept Congress of Cúcuta) |
| Members of this group of people called Simón Bolívar culo de hierro, or "iron buttocks", for his horse-riding skill. The so called "lion" of this group, under a pirate flag, was responsible for the dissolution of the Second Republic of Venezuela. (+) On horseback, a group of these people crossed the crocodile-infested Apure River to seize Spanish naval ships, led by José Antonio Páez. (*) For the points, name these stock herders which historically inhabited the plains of Venezuela and Colombia, known for acting as cavalry in the Latin American Wars of Independence. | Llaneros [[yah-NARE-rohs]] (prompt on descriptions of herders or cowboys) |
| This attack interrupted a discussion of the Mexican economy on the Ladies' Gallery, after which the ringleader stated "I did not come to kill anyone, I came to die for [my country]!" Insular Police raided the home of Pedro Albizu Campos following this attack, (+) after which his pardon for violating the Gag Law was revoked. The perpetrators of this attack, including Rafael Cancel Miranda and Lolita Lebrón, were granted clemency by Jimmy Carter in 1979 in what many speculated was an exchange with Cuba for captured CIA agents. (*) For the points, name this 1954 attack where separatists of a U.S. commonwealth injured five congressmen. | 1954 United States Capitol Shooting by Puerto Rican Nationalists (accept equivalent answers and descriptive answers like Puerto Rican Nationalists shooting five congressman)) |
| William Henry Clarence was the last king of this region, where rulers are also known as "Heredity Chiefs." This region was first ruled by Clarence's uncle, George Augustus Frederic II, (+) while it was a British protectorate. This now disestablished region includes the easternmost part of Honduras, and inhabitants of this region supported the Contras in fighting Sandinista rule. Bluefields was the capital of, (*) for the points, what region of Nicaragua located along the Caribbean coast, named for a type of insect? | Mosquito Coast (or Miskitu Nation; or Mosquitia; or Mosquito Shore; or Mosquito Kingdom; prompt on "Nicaragua" until mentioned) |
| After his defeat at Palmillas, this man developed epilepsy from surviving in the jungles of Veracruz. The capital of Tamaulipas was named for this man (+) who led the charge of the last Spanish stronghold in the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa. This man, who signed the Plan of Casa Mata with Antonio López de Santa Anna to overthrow Emperor Agustín de Iturbide, also reaffirmed his country's borders by ratifying the Adams-Onís Treaty with the (*) United States. For the points, name this first president of Mexico. | Guadalupe Victoria (or José Miguel Ramón Adaucto Fernández y Félix; accept Ciudad Victoria) |
| This city shares its name with a province governed by Bernabé Aráoz [[ah- RAOS]], who was eventually executed for leading a self-proclaimed republic from this city. Manuel Belgrano took advantage of a fire in this city to gain victory over royalist forces, (+) undermining the power of the First Triumvirate and setting the stage for the Army of the North to march onto Salta. This city is where its country's president attends celebrations in the Ninth of July Park and was where the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata was (*) declared. For the points, name this city where Argentina's independence was declared. | San Miguel de Tucumán |
| This polity's flag displayed three white stars on a red hoist, with white and black stripes on the right, which supporters of this polity were forced to kiss by Jesús de Cárdenas. Antonio Canales, the co-founder of this polity, surrendered to Centralist forces after the Battle of (+) Saltillo, and this polity claimed the Nueces River as its northern boundary. This breakaway state, which had its capital at Laredo, included the modern day state of Coahuila, and it acted as a buffer south of the Republic of (*) Texas. For the points, name this breakaway Republic in northern Mexico established in 1840, named for a river. | Republic of the Rio Grande (or República del Río Grande) |
| Mariano Matamoros and Ignacio López Rayón assisted this man in leading the Siege of Cuautla. This man drew inspiration from the Constitution of Cádiz for a document calling for free elections (+) that was published after the Great Siege of Acapulco at the Congress of Chilpancingo. This author of "Sentiments of a Nation" was executed by the same firing squad that killed Father Miguel Hidalgo, after which his army was taken over by Vicente (*) Guerrero. For the points, name this Mexican Catholic priest who gives his name to a Mexican state later home to Emiliano Zapata. | José María Morelos (or José María Teclo Morelos Pérez y Pavón) |
| During a campaign in this region, the Northern Army under José Rondeau lost aid from the Provincial Army of Salta and was defeated at the Battle of Sipe-Sipe [["SEE"-peh-"SEE"-peh]]. The second campaign named for this region involved the Jujuy [[HOO-HOOY]] Exodus, (+) in which people left this province under threats of execution. The Battle of Suipacha was fought in what was then this region, whose first campaign was led by Juan José (*) Castelli. For the points, name this region corresponding to modern Bolivia, which was the site of three military campaigns during the Argentine War of Independence. | Upper Peru (accept Alto Perú; do not prompt or accept "Peru") |
| This battle occurred a month after the Battle of Cancha Rayada and was led in part by Juan Gregorio de las Heras. Antonio González de Balcarce [[bahl-KAHR-seh]] served as second-in-command (+) during this battle, which is commemorated on Armor Day. Patriot generals who were part of the Army of the Andes defeated the Royalists of Mariano Osorio at this battle, which was fought near (*) Santiago. For the points, name this victory of José de San Martín that secured the independence of most of Chile. | Battle of Maipú |
| The phrase "The people want to know what is going on!" was first used during this event. Juan José Castelli gave speeches denouncing the government's loss of legitimacy (+) during this event. According to Bartolomé Mitre, Domingo French and Antonio Beruti may have distributed blue and white ribbons to statesmen during this event, which resulted in the ousting of Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo (*) de Cisneros. For the points, name this week-long 1810 event in which the Primera Junta was established in Argentina. | May Revolution (accept Revolución de Mayo) |
| A book by this author is a response to Rudyard Kipling's poem "The English Flag" and analyzes the place of cricket in England and the West Indies. This author of Beyond a Boundary discussed developments of one country (+) until the rise of Fidel Castro and was based on conversations with Alfred Auguste Nemours. That book by this author examines what he called "the only successful slave revolt in history" and focuses on mulattoes in Saint-Domingue [[SAHN doh-MANH]]. (*) For the points, name this Trinidadian historian who wrote The Black Jacobins. | C. L. R. James (or Cyril Lionel Robert James) |
| This man provided weapons to José Anacleto Ordóñez after arriving in the city of Leon. Though José del Valle defeated this man in a presidential election, he died before he could take office. Antonio Pinto Soares attacked this man's guard in San José, (+) leading to his 1842 assassination. Rising to prominence after fighting in the Battle of Trinidad and succeeding José Gregorio Salazar in his highest post, this is, (*) for the points, what Honduran who served as the second president of the Federal Republic of Central America? | Francisco Morazán (or José Francisco Morazán Quesada) |
| Fulwar Skipwith served as the only governor of this unrecognized state. St. Francisville was the capital of this republic, which was conquered by the U.S. under the command of William C. C. Claiborne. (+) This country's flag consisted of a white star on a blue background, which would later inspire the Confederate war song "The Bonnie Blue Flag." The Adams-Onís Treaty allowed the U.S. to acquire, (*) for the points, what short-lived republic that broke away as a Spanish territory and became an extension of eastern Louisiana? | Republic of West Florida (accept State of Florida; prompt on "Florida") |
| One country proclaimed by this man had a flag that consisted of a green cross on a white background and was centered around Fort San Carlos on Amelia Island. This founder of the Republic of the Floridas fled to Curaçao [[koo-rah-SAO]] (+) with his wife Josefa and aided Simón Bolívar in the defense of Cartagena [[kar-tuh-HEH- nuh]]. In a land speculation scheme, this general created the fictional country of Poyais [[poh-YAY]], possibly contributing to the Panic of (*) 1825. For the points, name this Scottish general and confidence trickster. | Gregor MacGregor |
| In 2020, Andrew Holness won one election as the leader of this party in part due to announcing that his country would transition to becoming a republic. This party's second leader, Donald Sangster, (+) defeated People's National Party leader Norman Manley in one election. This party's first leader served as the first post- independence prime minister of his country. Alexander Bustamante founded, (*) for the points, what Jamaican political party, which unlike other similarly named parties in Commonwealth countries, is largely conservative? | Jamaica Labour Party (or JLP) |
| Every year, this event is reenacted by one country's president while ringing a bell from the balcony of the National Palace. This event occurred while Gutiérrez de Lara was asking the United States for military support, and this event occurred shortly after Mauricio, (+) the brother of this event's instigator, set eighty inmates free. The main speaker of this event was flanked by Juan Aldama and Ignacio Allende [[ah-YEHN-deh]]. Miguel Hidalgo gave, (*) for the points, what 1810 call to arms for Mexican independence, given at a namesake town in the state of Guanajuato [[gwah-nuh- HWAH-toh]]? | Cry of Dolores (or Grito de Dolores) |
| People described by this term during the colonial era were directly higher than Indios and Pardos. Following one country's independence, José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia noted that Spaniards may only wed (+) Amerindians or these people. In analyzing independence movements, Gloria Anzaldúa used this term as a synonym for (*) miscegenation. For the points, name this term, an ethnic category of the Spanish casta system, that refers to people of mixed European and Indigenous American ancestry. | Mestizos (accept Mestizas; accept Mestizajes) |