| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This philosopher worked closely with Nelson Algren, who gave this thinker a silver ring. This philosopher reflected on the idea of freedom throughout history in The Ethics of Ambiguity. This philosopher edited Le Temps Modernes, a modern literature review periodical, with her lifelong partner, Jean-Paul Sartre. For ten points, name this woman who authored The Second Sex and helped launch the second wave of feminism. | Simone de Beauvoir (or Simone Lucie Ernestine Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir) |
| An architect of Armenian descent named Al-Jamali built this empire's Bab al-Futuh, or "Conquest Gate," with assistance from Christian monks. The majority of this power's army was composed of slave-soldiers named Mamluks. The overrunning of this state’s portion of the Levant by the Crusaders led to its decline, later being abolished and replaced by Saladin's Ayyubid Dynasty. The daughter of Muhammad names, for ten points, which Islamic caliphate of medieval Egypt? | Fatimids (accept Fatimid Caliphate) |
| This ruler's wife may have had an affair with Alfred Van der Smissen, giving birth to future Vichy Defense Minister Maxime Weygand. The Black Decree banned unsanctioned armed groups under this ruler, who was married to Carlota of Belgium. At the Hill of the Bells, this ruler was executed after his capture in the province of Queretaro. Benito Juaréz opposed this emperor, whose execution was depicted in a series of paintings by Édouard Manet. For ten points, name this Habsburg monarch who gained power after Napoleon III's intervention in Mexico. | Maximilian I of Mexico (prompt on "Maximilian") |
| The P-8 Poseidon was created as a modified version of this vehicle designed for anti- submarine warfare. Split Scimitar winglets have been added to many of these aircraft, which originally competed with the McDonnell Douglas DC-9. Ryanair and Southwest Airlines exclusively use this aircraft, whose "MAX" variant was grounded for over a year after a crash by Ethiopian Airlines. For ten points, name this narrow body Boeing aircraft, which competes with Airbus' A320. | Boeing 737 (accept variants like the Boeing 737 Max) |
| The discovery of this thing resulted from D-Zero and CDF collaborations that established bounds on parameter space. Before his death, Robert Brout worked on theorizing this thing, theoretical predictions of which earned François Englert the 2013 Nobel Prize in physics. This particle, whose discovery was delayed for 14 months due to a magnet quench, was first observed by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN in 2012. For ten points, name this particle, sometimes called the "God particle," which carries mass. | Higgs Boson (accept Higgs Particle; prompt on “God Particle” before mentioned) |
| Early leaders of this religion include figures such as Archibald Dunkley and Leonard Howell. Many members of this religion were detained in the Coral Gardens incident. Military members of this religion attempted to rename cities like Spanish Town after a certain emperor. Michael Manley employed imagery of this religion to please the electorate. Adherents of this religion consider Haile Selassie the earthly incarnation of God, or Jah. For ten points, name this religion that shaped the history of modern Jamaica. | Rastafarian Movement (accept Rastafarianism) |
| Ludolph van Ceulen [[KUHL-en]] is perhaps best-known for performing this task, which was later expanded upon by Jurij [[YOO-ree]] Vega. William Shanks holds one record for performing this task based on work laid out by Jamshīd al-Kāshī. Archimedes used the method of exhaustion to complete this task by using 96-gons. This task, which dates back to ancient Egypt, was included in the Gupta-era text Āryabhaṭīya to four decimal places. For ten points, name this millennia-old task in which mathematicians tried to find the digits of an irrational number. | Approximating Pi (accept reasonable equivalents such as Calculating Pi) |
| The 90th of a series of texts linked to a movement from this city sparked controversy for arguing the compatibility of two denominations: those texts are Tracts for the Times. Some executions in this city were recounted by John Foxe, who quotes one victim telling Nicholas Ridley their deaths will "light a candle" that "shall never be put out," while another put his right hand into the fire first. For ten points, name this city famous for three martyrs burned in the Marian persecutions, the site of the oldest English university. | Oxford (accept Oxford Movement; accept Oxford Martyrs; accept University of Oxford) |
| Dhovemi was the last Buddhist king of this country, whose Hukuru Miskiy mosque was built by Ibrahim Iskander. Muhammad Amin Didi promoted women's rights while leading this country, whose breakaway United Suvadive [[soo-vah-DEE-vuh]] Republic included Huvadhu and Addu atolls. The Dhivehi Rayyithunge [[ray-iht-HUNG-eh]] Party is in this country, which is currently led by Ibrahim Mohamed Solih [[soh-LEH]]. For ten points, name this Indian Ocean country that held the world’s first “underwater cabinet meeting” in 2009 to raise awareness for climate change. | Republic of Maldives |
| The royal dynasties of the Maldives ruled from this island city which remains the largest city and capital of the nation. | Malé (accept Mahal) |
| Chess player Viktor Korchnoi had one of these items on the table in a match against Anatoly Karpov after he defected from the USSR. This item is often used by British submarines to indicate a successful mission. A version of this flag attributed to Christopher Moody used a red and gold color scheme. A bleeding heart is found on another version of this flag attributed to Blackbeard. Consisting of a skull and crossbones on a typically black background, for ten points, what flag symbolizes piracy? | Jolly Roger Flag (prompt on descriptions of a "Pirate Flag") |
| This Virginia and North Carolina archipelago is known as the "Graveyard of the Atlantic" for its many shipwrecks, including the Queen Anne's Revenge. This archipelago was the site of the first heavier-than-air flight at Kitty Hawk. | Outer Banks (accept OBX) |
| A group of Germans named for this crop settled in central Jutland during the mid- 1700s. This crop provides the nickname for a war that was sparked after Maximilian Joseph of the Wittelsbachs died leaving no children. The Habsburg monarch and an alliance of Saxony and Prussia clashed in a war nicknamed for this crop, commonly known as the War of the Bavarian Succession. Frederick the Great may have introduced this crop to Germany, though it was initially grown in the Andes. For ten points, name this crop, a shortage of which impacted nineteenth-century Ireland. | Potatoes |
| Germans often place potatoes on the grave of Frederick the Great in this German city, the capital of Brandenburg. | Potsdam |
| In one of these events, one participant claimed she was better than another because she had children while the other was childless. That participant, Andrea Leadsom [[LED- suhm]], was unsuccessful in two of these contests, overseen by the 1922 Committee. Jeremy Hunt lost one of these contests to a man later embroiled in controversies like the Chris Pincher and Partygate scandals. Boris Johnson's resignation led to one of, for ten points, what type of contests for the leadership of the current ruling party of the United Kingdom? | Conservative Party Leadership Election (or Tory Party Leadership Election; accept answers indicating an election process for leadership of the Conservative Party; do not accept answers on "General Election" or anything indicating an election for the office of "Prime Minister") |
| The 2016 Conservative Leadership Election was caused by David Cameron's resignation after losing the Brexit Referendum, in which the winning side was led by this then leader of UKIP, now the head of the Reform UK party. | Nigel Farage (or Nigel Paul Farage) |
| In this war, one side conducted Operation Alula to retake a former capital of the Enderta awraja. This war broke out after one faction refused to join the newly-founded Prosperity Party and declared a leader illegitimate for postponing elections to 2021. The Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion was the burial place of victims of the Axum massacre perpetrated by the Eritrean Defence Force during this war. For ten points, name this war waged between a namesake region's government in Mekelle and the central government of Abiy [[AH-bee]] Ahmed in Addis Ababa. | Tigray War (prompt on “Ethiopian Civil Conflict” or “Ethiopian Civil War”) |
| Ethiopia previously fought a war named for an eastern region invaded by Somalia in July 1977. | Ogaden (accept Ogaden War; prompt on "Ethio-Somali War") |
| Francis Daniel Pastorius brought a group to this state, some of whom settled in Tulpehocken. The Township of Monckton in New Brunswick was founded by a cultural group that first settled in this state's Roxborough neighborhood. A township in this state likely inspired a type of vehicle called the Conestoga wagon. A cultural group pairs this state's name with "Dutch" to describe their German heritage in places like Allentown and Bethlehem. For ten points, name this state, where variants of German are spoken in Lancaster County. | Pennsylvania (or PA) |
| Many of the original Pennsylvania Dutch lived in this metropolitan region that includes cities like Easton and Allentown. The Shelter House in Emmaus [[eh-MAY-us]] was built by Pennsylvania Dutch in this region in 1734. | Lehigh Valley |
| After coordinating one of these actions, one woman wrote to her mother that “my fate does not afflict me in the least.” That action was chronicled by Vera Figner, who was arrested for taking part in it. The newspaper Rus published several articles sensationalizing the abuse and assault suffered by Maria Spiridonova after she performed this action against Gavril Luzhenovsky while part of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Sofia Perovskaya led the People’s Will in planning one example of, for ten points, what political action, an example of which killed Tsar Alexander II? | Assassinations (prompt on specific types of assassinations, like “shooting” or “bombing”; prompt on “political killing” or logical equivalents) |
| Later a leader of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries, Spiridonova was one of two women with a prominent role in the Russian Revolution. The other was this only woman on the Council of People’s Commissars and the leader of the women’s department, Zhenotdel. | Aleksandra Kollontai (or Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai) |
| A family of this ethnicity who founded Oakbay Investments faced claims by Zwelinzima Vavi of operating a shadow government during the term of Jacob Zuma. These people, who were known as "dukawallas," were expelled by Idi Amin in a concerted program to lessen "Asian influence" in Uganda. The British brought these people as indentured servants to work sugarcane plantations of Natal in South Africa. For ten points, name this ethnicity who Mohandas Gandhi defended as a young lawyer in South Africa. | Indians (prompt on "Asian" before mentioned) |
| Indians also faced discrimination under this system of "separateness" in the white- dominated South African government of the 90s? | Apartheid |
| Mentor and seventh president whose nickname inspired Polk to be called "Young Hickory." | Andrew Jackson |
| University he attended at Chapel Hill. | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (accept UNC-Chapel Hill; prompt on "Carolina") |
| Northwestern "country" he disputed with the U.K., resulting in the phrase "54-40 or Fight." | Oregon Country (prompt on the "Pacific Northwest") |
| Department created in the finals days of his administration to manage Mexican War acquisitions. | Department of the Interior |
| Future Constitutional Union candidate from Tennessee who challenged Polk for Speaker of the House in the 1830s. | John Bell |
| Diplomat who he dismissed following his failure to gain territory in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. | Nicholas Trist (or Nicholas Philip Trist) |
| War in which she participated after being backed by the future Charles VII [[the Seventh]]. | Hundred Years' War (accept La Guerre de Cent Ans) |
| French city which she helped liberate, leading to her nickname, the "Maid of [this city]." | Orléans (accept Maid of Orléans) |
| Method of execution she suffered. | Burning at the Stake (accept clear-knowledge equivalents) |
| Czech heretics against whom she proposed a crusade against following peace with England. | Hussites |
| Ally of the English, later led by Charles the Bold, whose soldiers captured Joan outside of Paris. | Kingdom of Burgundy (accept Burgundians) |
| French border region in which she was born in the village of Domrémy. | Lorraine (accept Alsace-Lorraine) |
| Communist leader who declared independence in 1945. | Hồ Chí Minh (accept Nguyễn Sinh Cung; accept Nguyễn Ái Quốc; accept Nguyen Tat Thanh; accept Bác Ho) |
| Nearby empire that conquered it under the Tang and Han dynasties. | Imperial China (accept Zhongguo) |
| Colonial power that evacuated it after Dien Bien Phu. | France (accept French Republic; or République française) |
| Nation from which it annexed the Mekong Delta. | Kingdom of Cambodia (accept Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea; accept Khmer Empire) |
| Ethnic group in the south that once ruled a kingdom from Indrapura. | Cham (accept Champa; accept Urang Campa) |
| Last imperial dynasty, in power until 1955. | Nguyễn [[WIN]] Dynasty |
| The businessman Wang Jing manages an engineering project in this country. A court case brought by this country against the U.S. found that the latter had violated international law by laying mines in its harbors. A leader of this country was assassinated in (+) Paraguay after being forced out of power by a party that formed a coalition with the Junta for National Reconstruction. A “counterrevolution” in this country was funded by illegal weapons sales after the overthrow of its (*) Somoza family. For ten points, the Contras operated in what Central American country? | Republic of Nicaragua (Republica de Nicaragua) |
| The Hagley Museum and Library was preserved by a great-granddaughter of a woman with this surname. A man with this surname founded one company after a hunting trip with Major Louis de Tousard (+) and studied chemistry at his home of Eleutherian Mills. The Hercules Powder Company was formed after a company with this name was broken up due to the Sherman Antitrust Act. Products like Vespel, Kapton, and (*) Kevlar were created by a company named for, for ten points, what wealthy family who created a chemical engineering company in Delaware? | du Pont (accept Eleuthere Irenee du Pont) |
| The Morgan Library contains a book of hours commissioned for a woman from this town upon her marriage to Arnold, Duke of Guelders. A queen named Catherine from this town served as Countess of Eu [[OOER]] and never forgave Henry III (+) for ordering the assassination of her husband Henry, Duke of Guise [[GEES]]. A woman from this town who lost favor after Wyatt's rebellion was considered "nothing so fair as she hath been reported" in preparation for a 1540 marriage. (*) For ten points, name this town in modern-day Germany, the birthplace of Henry VIII's [[the Eighth's]] fourth wife, Anne. | Cleves (accept Kleve; accept Anne of Cleves) |
| Early in this campaign, British forces ignored calls to be backed by local resistance at Arnhem due to the "Englandspiel," an earlier Abwehr [[AB-VEHR]] operation which captured many local British spies. During this effort, the 101st Airborne Division (+) first secured a stretch of road called "Hell's Highway," and this operation hoped to encircle the Ruhr Valley, Germany's industrial center, effectively bypassing the (*) Siegfried Line. For ten points, name this "Operation" planned by Bernard Montgomery to assault the Netherlands, which stalled at the Rhine River. | Operation Market Garden (prompt on partial answers) |
| Romans such as Septimius Flaccus and Julius Maternus reached this lake, which they called the "lake of hippopotamus." Mbang kings ruled a kingdom near this body of water that was annexed by the Wadai Sultanate and was called Bagirmi. This lake shares its name with a (+) country that, with Libya, fought the Toyota War over the Aouzu Strip. Climate shifting patterns have partially resulted in the (*) shrinkage of this lake by 95 percent since 1960. For ten points, identify this lake in the Sahel which names a country governed from N’Djamena [[nn-jah-MEH-nah]]. | Lake Chad |
| The second-to-last one of these things in their most common category dealt with "Production of Molded Articles." The creation of the MPPC to control these things in the film industry led to the rise of Hollywood. A vote recorder was the subject of the (+) first of 1,093 of these entities based in the U.S. alone. Though some of these things were of the design variety, a vast majority of these were of the utility type. Often improvements over prior designs, these things described such objects as the phonograph. (*) For ten points, name these documents that detailed the inventions of the "Wizard of Menlo Park." | Patents of Thomas Alva Edison (accept Inventions of Thomas Alva Edison; accept descriptive answers; prompt on partial answers) |
| A war centered on the fishing of this animal between Brazil and France originated from a dispute over whether it crawled on the continental shelf or swam in the ocean. Aquaculture operations of this animal have failed largely due to their cannibalistic habits, (+) and Machias Seal Island is partly disputed between the U.S. and Canada overfishing rights to this animal. One of these animals in the Homarus genus is the heaviest living arthropod, and scampi is another genus of this animal which resembles a shrimp. (*) For ten points, name this crustacean harvested in Maine, known for its pincers. | Lobsters (accept Nephropidae or Homaridae) |
| In one letter, this figure stated his "new trade of nail-making is to me in this country what an additional title of nobility is in Europe" after starting a manufactory. Historians dispute whether this figure's "4 percent theorem" simply referred to the profit margin of keeping (+) slaves on his estate or a tacit support of the institution as whole in Virginia. Skilled enslaved artisans were kept in quarters known as "Mulberry Row," including the home of the (*) Hemings family. Monticello was the estate of, for ten points, which third President of the U.S.? | Thomas Jefferson |
| During this campaign, Lt. Gen. John "Courthouse" Lee proposed an integration of black infantrymen into his own all-white communication zone to alleviate manpower shortages. During this campaign, Anthony McAuliffe gave the reply (+) "Nuts!" after General Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz requested his surrender at Bastogne. The last major German offensive of the Second World War was, (*) for ten points, which campaign named for the salient created in the Allies line? | Battle of the Bulge (accept the Ardennes Offensive) |
| This title, held by men such as Rameses and Akhenaten, was given to the rulers of Ancient Egypt. | Pharaoh |