| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This region can be depicted with the three-cell model, which includes the Hadley Cells. Thislayerextendsforelevenmilesabovesealevelattheequator,endingatits"pause." Most of the Earth's weather occurs in this layer, which also has the majority of the atmosphere's mass. For the point, name this lowestlayer of the atmosphere. | Troposphere (prompt on "tropopause") |
| The Davisson–Germer experiment used scattering and this phenomenon to demonstrate the wave-particle duality of electrons. An Airy disk is a type of this phenomenon's patterns caused by a circular aperture. For the point, identify this phenomenon in which a light beam bends after encounteringa barrier or opening. | Diffraction |
| The namesake "locking" of these phenomena occurs when a body's rotation and orbit become synchronized. On Earth, these phenomena are strongest at a syzygy [[SIH-zih-jee]] and are called "springs," while the weakest types of these phenomena are called "neaps." The gravity of the Sun and Moon on the ocean cause, for the point, what phenomenon, the regular rising and falling of oceanwater. | OceanTides (orTidalForces; acceptTidallocking; acceptTidalheating, working, or flexing; accept Springtide; accept Neaptide) |
| This scientist who defended Copernicus in MysteriumCosmographicumnamesalaw which states that equal area is "swept out" in equal time byanorbitingbody.Thisassistant to Tycho Brahe [["TIE"-koh BRAH-heh]] was the first to demonstrate thataplanet'sorbitis an ellipse with two foci [[FOH-kai]]. For the point, name this German astronomer who names three laws of planetary motion. | JohannesKepler (acceptKepler's laws of planetarymotion; acceptKepler's Second law of planetary motion) |
| These animals, which were used in Richard G. Morris's spatial memory water navigation tasks, ran into walls to make the namesake sound of Harvey Carr's "kerplunk" experiment. This was the first animal that Little Albert was conditioned to fear by John Watson. For the point, name these rodents who are often put through namesake "races" in mazes as part of learning studies. | Rats (acceptRatrace; prompt on "rodent";do not accept or prompt on "mice" or "mouse") |
| Probe varieties of these devices use a piezoelectric [[pee-YEH-zoh-"electric"]] actuator tip to map out surfaces. Extremely sensitive varieties of these devices include the atomic force and electron tunneling varieties. Samples examined with these devices are typicallyplacedonaglassslide.Forthepoint,namethislabdevicethatisusedtoviewsmall things. | Microscope (accept Dark-FieldMicroscope;accept Scanning ProbeMicroscope; accept Atomic ForceMicroscope; accept Electron TunnelingMicroscope; accept Compound Microscope; acceptMicroscopyin place ofMicroscope) |
| When k equals set size, the total number of combinations can be found by dividing this function of n over this function of k times thisfunctionofthedifferencebetweennand k. Applying this functiontongivesthenumberofpermutationsfornuniqueobjects.Forthe point, name this function symbolized byanexclamationpoint,whichisequaltotheproduct of all positive integers below a certain value. | Factorial |
| Like cobalamin [[koh-BAH-lah-min]], this nutrient is essential for one-carbon transfer oxidations. This nutrient is added toenrichedgrainstopreventanamesakekindof megaloblastic anemia. Deficiency of this vitamin during early pregnancy can lead to neural tube defects. For the point, name this B vitamin whose name derives from being found in green leafy vegetables. | Folate (orFolic Acid; orFolacin; acceptVitaminB9; acceptTetrahydrofolate; prompt on Vitamin "B") |
| This phenomenon is possible when a liquid's cohesion is greater than its adhesion. This phenomenon is used by water striders to walk on the surface of lakesandponds.This phenomenon, which gives bubbles their shape, is weakened by surfactants like detergents. For the point, name this force that holds water intodroplets. | Surface Tension (prompt on "tension") |
| During the Crimean War, this English scientist broke Vigenère's [[veezh-NEHRS]] autokey cipher. Ada Lovelace developed punch cards for a proposedinventionmadebythis scientist. The Science MuseuminLondoncreatedareplicaofthedifferenceenginebasedon the notes of, for the point, what British mathematician and early computer scientist, the inventor of the analytical engine? | CharlesBabbage (acceptBabbage's differenceengine,Babbage's analytical engine, orBabbage's engine) |
| These structures are composed of "small" and "large"subunitsandcancomeinfree and membrane-bound varieties. The biogenesis of these structures occurs in thenucleolus. Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum are distinguished by the presence of these structures, which serve as the site of RNA translation. For the point, name these macromolecular machines that synthesize proteins. | Ribosomes (accept Small or LargeRibosomalsubunit; accept Freeribosome; accept Membrane-boundribosome; accept Attachedribosome) |
| Originally used toremovewaterfromminesinthe18thcentury,ThomasNewcomen created a version of this technology capable of giving continuous power through the useof pistons. This technology was proliferated by James Watt and is frequently held to have kicked off the industrial revolution by powering factories and trains. For the point, name this technology, a type of engine powered by boilingwater. | SteamEngine (acceptSteampump; acceptSteampower; prompt on "engine") |
| The change in the expected position of two stars during one of these eventshelped prove the existence of gravitational lensing. Baily's Beads are formed by light shining through the Moon's valleys during these events. For the point, name these events, whose total variety occurs when the Moon almost entirelyblocks out the Sun. | Solar Eclipse (acceptEclipseof theSun;accept TotalSolar Eclipse; prompt on "eclipse"; do not accept or prompt on "Lunar Eclipse") |
| Friedrich Wohler [[VOH-luh]] disproved vitalism by inorganically synthesizing this compound. This compound's namesake cycle forms it by combining two molecules of ammonia with one of carbon dioxide. For the point, name this compound used in nitrogen excretion, which is found in urine. | Urea (orCarbamide; acceptUreacycle) |
| Permanent magnet varieties ofthesedeviceslackfieldwindings.AnH-bridgecanbe used to allow theDCtypeofthesedevicestorunforwardorbackward.Thesedevicescreate torque from a rotor mounted in a stator. For the point, name this type of motor used to power the Nissan Leaf and Tesla Model 3. | Electric Motor (accept Brushed or BrushlessDCelectric motor; accept Permanent Magnetelectric motor; accept DCelectricmotor; prompt on "motor") |
| One theory of the weak force posits that these particles can absorb and release W bosons, causing color change. These particles, which have negative one-third or positive two-thirds charges, come in six flavors, including top, bottom, and strange. For the point, name these fundamental particles which make up protonsand neutrons. | Quarks (accept Top, Bottom, or Strangequarks) |
| The "shocked" variety of this mineral is used as evidenceformajormeteorimpacts, such as the crater at Chicxulub [["CHICK"-soo-loob]]. This mineral is a seven on the Mohs hardness scale and exhibits piezo [[pee-YEH-zoh]]-electricity. This mineral, which is commonly found in sands, has an electric current passed through it to keep time in many watches. For the point, name this mineral whose chemicalname is silicon dioxide. | Quartz (accept Shockedquartz; acceptSiliconDioxidebefore mentioned; prompt on "silica") |
| Legless members of this classarecalledcaecilians[[kah-SEE-lee-uns]].Likereptiles, membersofthisclasspossessathree-chamberedheart.Mostmembersofthisclassundergo a metamorphosis from having gills to air-breathing lungs. For the point, name this class of vertebrates that includes salamanders and frogs, whose members live on both land and water. | Amphibians (orAmphibia; acceptCaeciliansbefore "class") |
| When formed under an ice sheet, these objects can form tuyas. Most of the destruction caused by these objects is the result of pyroclastic flows. When releasing low viscosity material, these objects can formtheir"shield"variety.Commonlyformingoverhot spots and magma chambers, for the point, what are these mountains that can erupt and release lava? | Volcanoes (accept Shieldvolcano; prompt on"mountains") |
| This organ's glomerulus [[gloh-MEHR-yoo-luss]] is composed of small tufts of capillaries and is enclosed by Bowman's capsule. This organ creates a countercurrent gradient withtheloopofHenle.Thisorgan'sfunctionalunitsarecallednephrons.Theuseof dialysis replaces the function of,forthepoint,whatbean-shapedfiltrationorganthatcomes in pairs? | Kidneys |
| While in Sweden, this man published his work Passions of the Soul. This so-called "father of analytical geometry" lends his name to the "coordinate system." This man's Meditations on First Philosophy contains the saying "cogito ergo sum" [[KOH-gee-toh EHR-gohSOOM]],or"Ithink,thereforeIam."Forthepoint,namethisFrenchmathematician and philosopher. | RenéDescartes[[day-KAHRT]] (or RenatusCartesius; prompt on "Cartesian coordinates") |
| This element's tetra-ethyl compound was formerly widely used as a gasoline anti-knock additive. This element is used in radiometric dating because both thorium and uranium ultimately decay into it. This element is used in radiation shields for X-raysdueto its high density. For the point, name this toxic heavymetal whose atomic symbol is Pb. | Lead (acceptPbbefore mentioned) |
| This quantity is conserved in microscopic reversible processes, but is monotonic [[mah-noh-TAH-nik]] in macroscopic processes. According to the Boltzmann–Planck equation,thisquantityisequaltoklogW.Foraperfectcrystalatabsolutezero,thisquantity equals zero. For the point, name this quantity, themeasure of total disorder in a system. | Entropy (accept Gibbsentropy; prompt on "S") |
| This planet, whose moon groups include the Inuit and Gallic types, is orbited by a moon with a possible ring system, Rhea [[REH-ah]]. This planet is orbited by a moon with icy geyser structures, which were sampled by the Cassini Orbiter. Another moon orbiting this planet is the only known moon topossessitsownatmosphere.Forthepoint,namethis sixth planet from the sun, which is orbited by a brilliantring system. | Saturn |
| Lapis lazuli's [[LAH-pis LAHZ-yoo-lees]] blue color comes from this element's negatively charged thiozone [["THIGH"-oh-"zone"]] ion. This element is used to strengthen rubber through vulcanization. When bonded to two hydrogen atoms, this element makes a compound that smells like rotten eggs. For the point, name this chalcogen [[KAL-soh-jen]] with atomic number 16. | Sulfur (orS; acceptBrimstone; accept Plasticsulfur) |
| This process names a syndrome associated with neuralcrestcellfunctionandtraits such as spots and floppy ears. AteamledbyDmitryBelyayev[[bel-YAH-yef]]hasperformed studies of this process using silver foxes. Unlike taming, this process is inheritable. For the point, name this process by which humans intentionally alter animals to be useful, which resulted in modern dogs arising from a wolf-like ancestor. | Domestication (accept answers referring todomesticanimals; do not accept or prompt on "taming" or similar answers) |