| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This researcher invented a mechanism for programmed learning that involved looking through a small window and answering test questions. This researcher worked with Charles Ferster on the book Schedules of Reinforcement and drew on Edward Thorndike's puzzle boxes to create a device that usually contains a response lever and a food supply. Operant conditioning was largely pioneered by, for the point, what behavioral psychologist who studied pigeons in his namesake "Boxes?" | B.F. Skinner (or Burrhus Frederick Skinner; accept Skinner box) |
| This historical period is considered to have begun with the Battle of Covadonga, and during this period, parias tribute payments were made by taifa states. Gerald the Fearless was a knight who took Évora in the Portuguese phase of this campaign that ended with the conquest of the Emirate of Granada by the forces of Ferdinand II [[the Second]] of Aragon and Isabella I [[the First]] of Castille. For the point, name this prolonged 781-year campaign to reclaim Iberia from Muslim rule. | Reconquista |
| This structure is unusually built on an east-west orientation, suggesting it may have originally been meant for a royal funeral. This structure sits on the Siem Reap [[see-EM ree- EP]] River, and it was constructed by Suryavarman II [[the Second]]. This structure appears on the flag of the modern country in which it is located and was constructed by the Khmer Empire. For the point, identify this monumental religious complex located in Cambodia. | Angkor Wat |
| This king watched the defeat of his army by Themistocles [[them-ISS-toh-klees]] while seated on a throne on Mount Aigaleo [["eye"-gah-LEH-oh]]. Pontoon bridges were built across the Hellespont by this man as part of a campaign in which his forces were defeated at the Battle of Salamis. The Gate of All Nations was constructed under this ruler, whose father led construction efforts in Persepolis. Darius the Great preceded, for the point, what king of Persia who defeated King Leonidas at Thermopylae [[ther-MOP-ih-lee]] while invading Greece? | Xerxes I [[the First]] (or Xerxes the Great; prompt on "Xerxes") |
| People of this ethnicity masterminded Operation Nemesis in an act of retribution. People of this ethnicity fought to survive a 53-day siege near the mountain of Musa Dagh, and thousands of people of this ethnicity were forcibly relocated to Deir ez-Zor in the Syrian desert. Article 301 was used to prosecute those who talk about an event involving people of this ethnicity under Enver Pasha. For the point, name this ethnicity which was targeted in a 1915 genocide by the Ottomans. | Armenians (accept Hayer) |
| Anti-imperialist protestors in this city were fired on by police in the May 30th Incident. During the Cultural Revolution, the non-Jiang Qing [[CHING]] members of the Gang of Four were sent to this city, whose French Concession was where the Chinese Communist Party was founded. This city’s former International Settlement was located in the Bund, across from the Pudong District. For the point, name this former fishing village on the Yangtze delta, today the most-populous Chinese city. | Shanghai |
| This composer released a set of fugues [[FYOOGS]] and preludes to help music students temper their claviers. A 1962 film version of The Phantom of the Opera made iconic use of a piece traditionally attributed to this composer, his Toccata and Fugue in D Minor. Johann Gottlieb Goldberg gave his name to, and might have been the first person to perform, number 988 from this composer’s catalogue. For the point, name this composer whose concertos written for the Margrave of Brandenburg disappeared for over a century. | Johann Sebastian Bach (or J.S. Bach) |
| During this war, the Nordic Battalion faked communication loss to UN HQ to prevent ethnic cleansing. During this war, the entire Dutch cabinet resigned due to a report revealing that peacekeepers failed to prevent the Srebrenica [[sray-breh-NEET-sah]] Massacre. The Dayton Accords ended this conflict, splitting one country into a nation of two separate entities including the Republika Srpska [[SERP-skah]]. The collapse of Yugoslavia led to, for the point, what internal conflict which included the Siege of Sarajevo? | Bosnian War (accept War in Bosnia) |
| This non-European nation operated the Almirante Latorre [[lah-TOH-reh]] class of super-dreadnought battleships. East German General Secretary Erich Honecker lived out his last days in this country after the fall of the Berlin Wall. One dictator of this country was advised by a group of right-wing, American-educated economists known as the "Chicago Boys." For the point, name this South American country in which Salvador Allende [[ah- YEN-deh]] was deposed by Augusto Pinochet [[pee-noh-SHEH]] in a 1973 coup. | Republic of Chile (or República de Chile) |
| Mark Kellogg was among the casualties at this battle, which is sometimes called the Battle of the Greasy Grass. The actions of Major Marcus Reno at this battle have been called into question, and this battle is depicted in an 1881 painting by John Mulvany. Although one side was comprised of several tribes, the Sioux [[SOO]] at this battle were led by Sitting Bull. For the point, name this battle during the Indian Wars, known as "Custer's Last Stand." | Battle of the Little Bighorn (accept Battle of the Greasy Grass before mentioned; accept Custer's Last Stand before mentioned) |
| The second war named for this republic began when the Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade raided the neighboring Dagestan Republic in an attempt to create an Islamic Djamaat. This republic's war of independence was hampered after the death of its first president, Dzhokhar Dudayev, who was killed by a Russian reconnaissance aircraft. For the point, name this constituent republic located in the Northern Caucasus, the site of the Battle of Grozny. | Chechnya (or Chechen Republic; accept First Chechen War) |
| Daniel Warner was a leader of one party in this country that was defeated by the True Whig Party. During World War Two, Edwin Barclay served as president of this country, succeeding Charles King who fraudulently won 240,000 votes from less than 15,000 registered voters. This country's former president, Charles Taylor, was imprisoned for war crimes, and this country aided rebels in nearby Sierra Leone through the sale of blood diamonds. For the point, name this African country, founded by people formerly enslaved in the United States. | Republic of Liberia |
| A grave in Tattershall claims that a man who shares his name with this figure died at age 101 in 1620. A piece that served as a companion to The Author's Farce focuses on this man, who may have inspired a similarly named character created by Hans Christian Andersen who marries a flower-fairy prince. In the court of King Arthur, this man dances on the palm of a Maid of Honour's hand. For the point, name this figure from English folklore, named for his size being comparable to a namesake digit of the hand. | Tom Thumb (anti-prompt on "Thumbelina") |
| The 17D vaccine used to prevent this disease was created by the first African-born Nobel laureate. The appearance of Councilman bodies can confirm the presence of this disease, the vaccine for which was developed by Max Theiler. Vómito negro is the Spanish name for this disease, which formed a deadly tandem with malaria during construction of the Panama Canal. Walter Reed identified mosquitoes as the vector of, for the point, what viral disease named for the skin discoloration it causes? | Yellow Fever (accept Vómito negro before mentioned; accept Yellow jack; accept Yellow plague; accept Bronze john; prompt on partial answers) |
| This battle featured the so-called “high water mark of the Confederacy” at “the angle.” During this battle, troops under John Bell Hood moved out of line to attack the Devils Den and Little Round Top. The failure of Pickett’s Charge in this battle contributed to George Meade’s triumph, ending Robert E. Lee’s second invasion of the North. For the point, name this Civil War battle, commemorated by Abraham Lincoln in a namesake “Address.” | Battle of Gettysburg (accept Gettysburg Campaign; accept Gettysburg Address) |
| Anthony Caro was born in this country, which is also home to a landscape painter who created a quartet of bronze lions surrounding a monument sculpted by Edward Hodges Baily. Edwin Landseer was born in this country, as was the woman who created a memorial to Dag Hammarskjöld [[HAM-ur-shuld]] which stands outside the UN. Barbara Hepworth was a sculptor from, for the point, what country in which her museum is located in St. Ives, Cornwall? | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (accept UK; accept England; accept Britain; prompt on "Great Britain") |
| This man's death prompted one of the earliest laments ever written, the Planctus de Obitu, which was composed by the head of the Bobbio Abbey. Upon this man's invitation, Alcuin of York became the leading scholar of his court where he perfected the use of upper and lower case letters. Pope Leo III [[the Third]] crowned this man in 800 CE as Holy Roman Emperor in his capital of Aachen. The grandson of Charles Martel, for the point, who was this Carolingian king of the Franks? | Charlemagne (or Karolus Magnus; or Charles the Great; or Karl der Grosse) |
| British reconquest of islands in this body of water were outlined in Operation Constellation. This body of water was the site of a victory during the Seven Years' War that was won by Edward Hawke at Quiberon Bay. Operation Sea Lion never took place due to Hitler’s failure to gain air supremacy over this body of water where an amphibious invasion led to multiple Allied landings during Operation Neptune. For the point, name this body of water which separates the British Isles from mainland Europe. | English Channel (accept British Channel; prompt on "The Channel") |
| One scandal during this man’s presidency involved a rail company overbilling by 44 million dollars and bribing politicians to give them favorable regulations. That scandal involved this man's vice president, Schuyler [["Skylar"]] Colfax. Another scandal during this president's administration involved distillers dodging taxes by bribing officials. The Crédit Mobilier and Whiskey Ring scandals tainted the reputation of, for the point, what president who also led Union forces in the Civil War? | Ulysses S. Grant (or Hiram Ulysses Grant) |
| This woman won a Tony Award in 2010 for her role in Arthur Miller's A View from the Bridge. This woman played the title sister of the courtier Anne in The Other Boleyn Girl and was nominated for Academy Awards for Marriage Story and Jojo Rabbit. One of many stars to appear in the the highest-grossing film of all time, for the point, who is this woman who played Natasha Romanoff in The Avengers and Black Widow? | Scarlett Johansson (or Scarlett Ingrid Johansson) |
| This man used threats of military force to subdue South Carolina during the Nullification Crisis. In response to Worcester v. Georgia, this man apocryphally said, “John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it.” The Whig Party was formed to oppose this man who was denied the presidency by Henry Clay as part of what this man called a "corrupt bargain." For the point, name this U.S. president whose image is scheduled to be replaced on the $20 bill. | Andrew Jackson |
| This man is believed to be the author of Zabibah and the King, a romance novel set in Takrit. This man was presented with a key to the city of Detroit for his donations to local Chaldean Christian churches. This man was captured while hiding in a spider hole as part of Operation Red Dawn, and this leader of the Ba’ath Party was hanged for war crimes against Kurdish and Shia minorities in 2006. For the point, name this dictator who led Iraq from 1979 to 2003. | Saddam Hussein (or Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti; accept al-Takriti before mention of "Takrit," then prompt afterward) |
| After this event, the temple veil was ripped in half and Earth was plunged into darkness for three hours. This event is associated with a set of "Seven Last Words" including the phrase "it is finished." This event's central figure was offered either vinegar or sour wine on a sponge. This event ended after a soldier stabbed a man in the side with the Spear of Destiny to ensure he was dead. For the point, name this religiously significant event which was followed three days later by the resurrection of its central figure. | Crucifixion of Jesus (accept answers indicating the Death or Execution of Jesus; prompt on partial answers) |
| Forces under a monarch of this name crushed rebels at the battles of Lincoln and Sandwich. Another monarch of this name was the nephew of Charles VII [[the Seventh]] of France and served as king of both France and England in the 15th century. A monarch of this name defeated the revolt of Owen Glendower, and another monarch of this name was eventually succeeded by children he conceived with Catherine of Aragon, Jane Seymour, and Anne Boleyn. For the point, identify this royal name that was held by a monarch who had six wives. | Henry (accept Henry III [[the Third]]; accept Henry of Winchester; accept Henry VI [[the Sixth]]; accept Henry IV [[the Fourth]]; accept Henry Bolingbroke; accept Henry VIII [[the Eighth]]) |
| These people were taught their profession at a school called a ludus that was overseen by a manager called a lanista. Events involving people in this profession were usually preceded by venationes, which were conducted by bestiarii, or "beast fighters." A net and trident were carried by the retiarus variety of these people, whose fates could be decided by a downturned thumb. For the point, identify these people who fought in arenas for the entertainment of the Romans. | Gladiators (anti-prompt on specific types of gladiators, including "retiarus") |
| This deity killed the servant Fimafeng and engaged in a "flyting" contest at the hall of Aegir. This deity attempts to flee one punishment by transforming into a salmon but is caught and tied to a rock, after which a serpent drips poison upon his face. This deity directed Hoder to shoot the mistletoe arrow that ultimately killed Baldur. This deity fathered several monstrous children, including Hel, the ruler of the underworld, and the vicious wolf Fenrir. For the point, identify this Norse trickster god. | Loki |
| A medieval figure who practiced this profession, Gilbertus Anglicus, created a compendium in Middle English that compiled works of others in this profession like Constantine Africanus. People in this profession stuffed lavender and other spices in their beak-shaped masks to ward off outbreaks of the Bubonic plague in the 16th and 17th century. Galen of Pergamon and Hippocrates were ancient practitioners of, for the point, what profession which treats the sick? | Doctor (accept Plague Doctor; accept synonyms like Physician) |
| A national foreign ministry based in this city launched the CorrectUA social media campaign to get English-language media to use a different spelling of this city's name. This city's Babi Yar Holocaust Memorial Center was initiated by President Petro Poroshenko and was hit by a missile strike during a campaign to take this city that included heavy fighting at Hostomel Airport. For the point, name this European capital that was unsuccessfully sieged by Russian forces at the start of a 2022 invasion. | Kyiv (or Kiev) |
| Life on this man's estate was the subject of an 1840s memoir by Isaac Granger who recorded how he was given to this man as a marriage settlement with John Wayles Eppes. This man struck an agreement with Black Hoof and the Shawnee, and this man attempted to annex West Florida from Spain during his presidency. In his retirement, this man designed the library rotunda at the University of Virginia, an institution he founded. For the point, name this man who served as the third president of the United States. | Thomas Jefferson |
| In the prehistoric times, this body of water may have extended as far north as Faya- Largeau [[FY-ah lar-ZHOH]]. Septimius Flaccus and Julius Maternus were two Romans who reached this body of water according to Ptolemy, who labeled it the "lake of the hippopotamus." Herman Sörgel [[ZUR-guhl]] proposed diverting the Ubangi [[yoo-BANG- ee]] River to replenish this body of water. For the point, name this shrinking lake which gives its name to a Central African country. | Lake Chad (or Lac Tchad; accept Republic of Chad) |
| The use of these items was the subject of Arundhati Roy’s essay “The End of Imagination.” Bertrand Russell convened the Pugwash Conferences to discuss alternatives to these objects, which he and Albert Einstein opposed in a manifesto arguing for their end. The Doomsday Clock was originally designed to represent the risk of global catastrophe posed by these items. For the point, name these weapons of mass destruction that were first used in World War Two on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. | Thermonuclear weapons (or Nukes; or Atomic Bombs; or A-Bombs; or Hydrogen bomb; or H-bomb; accept Fusion weapon; prompt on "bomb") |