| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This element is the most malleable of all the metals, and this element is mixed with copper to produce an alloy commonly used for jewelry. A Latin word, loosely meaning “glowing dawn,” names the symbol of the element, in which pyrite is commonly known as its “fool’s” variety. For the point, name this shiny, yellow element whose symbol derives from Aurum. | Gold (or Au; accept Rose Gold; accept Fool’s Gold) |
| The sum of a series of values on this diagram is described by the hockey stick theorem. The formula "n choose k" can be evaluated using this diagram because each of its rows lists the binomial coefficients. For the point, name this diagram named for a French mathematician in which each number is the sum of the two directly above it. | Pascal's Triangle (both underlined portions required) |
| The males of these animals establish social dominance through a practice called “necking.” These animals develop horn-like skin-covered bony projections called ossicones, just like their closest living relatives the okapi [[oh-KAH-pee]]. The Rothschild and reticulated varieties are subspecies of, for the point, what tallest land animals on Earth? | Giraffes |
| This period experienced the closing of the Western Interior Seaway between Laramidia and Appalachia. This longest geologic period since the Cambrian Explosion ended after an asteroid impact in modern Mexico. For the point, name this final period of the Mesozoic Era, in which non-avian dinosaurs went extinct. | Cretaceous (or K; accept K-T or K-Pg Extinction Event) |
| Exposure to citrus plants can increase the risk of this condition due to their furocoumarin compounds. This condition is the most common risk factor for melanoma skin cancer, and products that prevent this condition are rated by their SPF. For the point, name this skin condition that is caused by exposure to solar radiation. | Sunburn (accept Radiation Burn before “Radiation” is mentioned) |
| This location’s northern and southern extremes contain ice caps at Planum Australe and Planum Boreum. The Mariner Valleys are found on this place which has been visited by spacecraft such as Ingenuity, Curiosity, and Viking. Phobos and Deimos are the two moons of, for the point, what planet home to Olympus Mons, known for its red hue? | Mars |
| This programming language's interface libraries include the AWT, or Abstract Window Toolkit. This object-oriented language, which has an instruction set known as its namesake bytecode, advertised its features with the slogan meaning "Write once, run anywhere." For the point, name this programming language whose logo depicts a cup of coffee. | Java (accept Java Bytecode; do NOT accept "JavaScript") |
| This quantity is added to the number of neutrons to give the mass number. The bottom left of an elemental symbol depicts this quantity, symbolized with the letter Z. Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the periodic table according to, for the point, what value that is equal to the number of protons in an atom’s nucleus? | Atomic Number (or Nuclear Charge; prompt on "Number"; do NOT prompt on "Atomic Mass") |
| This mission’s first probe is the farthest manmade object from Earth and was among the first to enter interstellar space. One craft from this mission involved a namesake golden phonograph record containing a series of diverse recordings. For the point, name this NASA mission that launched two probes to the edge of the solar system. | Voyager (accept Voyager Golden Record) |
| These particles scatter high-energy photons in the Compton effect. Robert Millikan's oil drop experiment measured the charge of these particles, two of which form a lone pair when not bonded to another atom. Molecular orbitals contain, for the point, what negatively charged particles that surround the atomic nucleus? | Electrons |
| Secondary or tertiary overabundance of this hormone is caused by Cushing’s disease due to an excess of ACTH by the pituitary gland. The zona fasciculata of the adrenal glands primarily releases this hormone, whose levels are elevated during anxiety. For the point, name this hormone that is central to the body’s stress response. | Cortisol (or Hydrocortisone) |
| In an estuary, the magnitude of this quantity is proportional to the distance to the mouth, and along with temperature, this quantity drives thermohaline circulation. Regions with moderate values for this quantity are categorized as brackish. Brine pools are defined by very high levels of, for the point, what quantity, the measure of the amount of salt in water? | Salinity (or Salt before mention) |
| The Whooshh Passage Portal is a type of cannon that allows these animals to pass between isolated ecosystems. During their namesake “run,” these animals, which lend their name to so-called “ladders” that are built to allow migratory fish to get past dams, are caught by bears. For the point, name these fish which travel thousands of miles to return to their birthplace to spawn. | Salmon (accept specific varieties of Salmon; prompt on "Fish" before mentioned) |
| Like COPD, this condition can be treated with Beta2-agonists, which relax smooth muscles. Albuterol sulfate can treat dangerous flare-ups of this condition, whose “attacks” are treated by nebulizers and inhalers. For the point, name this chronic respiratory condition that involves constricted airways, leading to shortness of breath and wheezing. | Asthma (accept Asthma Attacks) |
| This planet’s moons Psamathe [[SAH-mah-thee]] and Neso have the largest orbits of any known satellites in the solar system. This planet, whose capture of a large Kuiper belt object interfered with the orbit of the moon Nereid, has the only known large moon with a retrograde orbit. Triton is the largest moon of, for the point, what farthest planet from the Sun? | Neptune |
| Endocytosis [[en-doh-SY-TOH-siss]] is one way for molecules to get past this entity, and another way is through transport proteins. Both passive and active transport are used to get substances past this entity, which is semi-permeable. For the point, name this entity that consists of a lipid bi-layer and protects the interior of a cell from the outer environment. | Cell Membrane (or Cytoplasmic Membrane; or Plasmalemma; or Plasma Membrane; prompt on partial answers) |
| These structures undergo self-buckling when they exceed their critical mass, and these structures can be bound together horizontally by entablatures. These structures, whose engaged examples are usually embedded in walls, often support beams and arches. For the point, identify these vertical support structures that are found in Greek temples. | Columns (accept Pillars; or Engaged Pillars; accept Engaged Columns) |
| This is the highest region of the atmosphere impacted by the Brewer–Dobson circulation. This is the lowest atmospheric region by altitude to experience temperature inversion, in which heat increases alongside altitude. The tropopause marks the upper boundary of, for the point, what layer of the atmosphere located between the mesosphere and troposphere? | Stratosphere |
| Particularly deadly examples of this phenomenon in 1800s London were known as “pea soup.” Policy changes in Los Angeles revealed that this phenomenon was driven by automobiles and not factory smoke stacks. For the point, name this environmental phenomenon in which a polluted fog hovers above a city. | Smog (or Smoke Fog; prompt on "Air Pollution"; prompt on “Fog” or “Clouds” before mentioned) |
| Edward Tolman developed his theory of latent learning using experiments in one of these locations. The sound a rodent made when running into the wall of one of these locations inspired the name of John Watson’s kerplunk experiment. For the point, name these experimental settings where rats are timed to see how fast they can reach the end. | Mazes |
| One class of substances used for this process has their strength measured in percent active chlorine. Hydrogen peroxide’s oxidizing properties make it a useful agent for this process in paper manufacturing, while diluted solutions of sodium hypochlorite are commonly used for this process in laundry. For the point, name this process that is used to whiten clothing. | Bleaching (accept answers indicating Removing Colors before the last sentence) |
| The high mass of stars allows them to perform this process by overcoming the Coulomb force. Brown dwarfs are unable to sustain this process, which uses hydrogen in the proton–proton chain and the CNO cycle to create carbon and oxygen in stellar nucleosynthesis. For the point, name this process that provides a star’s power by combining atomic nuclei. | Fusion (accept Stellar Nucleosynthesis before mentioned) |
| Two of these events can orbit one other until they eventually merge in an occurrence called the Fujiwara effect. The intensity of these events is described by the Saffir–Simpson scale. The stadium effect is a rare phenomenon in the low-pressure eye of, for the point, what type of large rotating storms that are measured in categories one to five? | Hurricane (or Typhoon; or Tropical Cyclone; or Tropical Storm) |
| A face-centered cubic arrangement achieves the maximum packing efficiency of these shapes. These shapes can be defined as the set of points equidistant from a center point in three-dimensional space. “Four-thirds pi times radius cubed” is equal to the volume of, for the point, what shape, the three-dimensional analogue of a circle? | Sphere (or Globe; accept Ball) |
| These structures have an outer coating that can be opened in a process called scarification. An aril is a type of growth sometimes found on these structures, and in certain species, these structures contain a cotyledon, or an embryonic leaf. For the point, name these structures that are planted in the ground to grow flowers and crops. | Seeds |
| A dyspraxia of this faculty is caused by mutations to FOXP2, and difficulties with this faculty caused by brain damage is known as a disorder called aphasia. This faculty is innate and exclusive to humans according to Noam Chomsky’s universal grammar. For the point, name this faculty of human verbal communication. | Language (accept Speaking or other word forms such as Speech) |
| These features can create rapidly spinning eddies in the potholing effect. The caprock model for the formation of these features is based on differential rates of erosion of hard and soft rocks, and its base often contain a plunge pool. For the point, name these natural hydrological features, a famous example of which is along the Niagara River. | Waterfalls |
| These events may be diagnosed using Levine’s sign. Like in strokes and blood clots, a daily aspirin regimen is given to people who are at risk of these events, whose classic symptoms include shortness of breath and pain radiating down the left arm. For the point, name these medical emergencies caused by a blockage of the coronary artery. | Heart Attack (or Myocardial Infarction) |
| Eratosthenes [[eh-roh-TAHS-theh-nees]] used data from Alexander the Great’s conquest to make one of these tools with parallels and meridians. Creating these items causes distortion of size or shape, such as in the Mercator projection. For the point, name these navigational tools that project the globe on a two-dimensional surface. | Maps (accept Atlas) |
| Hollow black “shade balls” may be used to prevent this resource from being contaminated with bromate due to photoreactions. Stores of this resource can be used secondarily to make electricity by releasing it over a turbine. For the point, name this resource that is distributed to farmlands through irrigation. | Water (or H2O) |
| This man urged the use of skepticism in a 1995 book titled The Demon-Haunted World. This man, who highlighted human intelligence in The Dragons of Eden, criticized anthropocentrism in his book Pale Blue Dot. For the point, name this American author and astronomer who hosted the TV program Cosmos: A Personal Voyage. | Carl Sagan (or Carl Edward Sagan) |
| To perform a Jones oxidation, a solution of chromium trioxide in aqueous sulfuric acid is added to this compound. This highly volatile compound is a polar aprotic solvent that is commonly used to clean glassware in chemistry labs. For the point, name this simplest ketone, which is often used as a nail polish remover. | Acetone |