| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A man who took this image mistakenly said, "I must be the first person ever to make genes crystallize." That man was Raymond Gosling, who researched X-ray crystallography under the supervision of Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. This photo was an integral tool utilized by James Watson and Francis Crick which led them to share the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. For the point, name this 1952 image that depicts the three- dimensional structure of DNA. | Photo 51 (or Photograph 51) |
| This law was first empirically derived from John Tyndall’s experiments using different colored metal filaments. This law’s equation can be derived by considering a half sphere and integrating the Planck formula over all wavelengths. This law was first applied to the Sun by adjusting Jacques-Louis Soret’s estimated energy flux for the star. This law’s constant of proportionality, symbolized sigma, is given in units of watts per meter squared per kelvin to the fourth. For the point, name this law that relates the power emitted by a black body to its temperature. | Stefan–Boltzmann law |
| Artificial ways of reducing this process used alum to reduce mineral load but methods of re-establishing bivalves are generally preferred. The death and breakdown of photosynthetic organisms during this process causes high turbidity, leading to anoxic environments and characteristic “dead zones.” The most common human caused origin of this process is fertilizer runoff depositing nitrates and phosphates in its “cultural” form. For the point, name this process that results in algal blooms by adding excessive nutrients to water. | Eutrophication (accept Algal Bloom before read) |
| The lack of plate tectonics on Mars allowed for supermassive examples of these structures to form in a single spot for up to a billion years. Vents on these structures can create spatter ramparts if tephra is unable to cool fast enough. Uniquely large examples of these structures found on Venus are named after ticks and pancakes. These structures form when a fissure vent is the primary exit point for ejected tephra. These structures form by the extrusion of low-silica, low-viscosity lava which cools into basalt. For the point, name this type of volcano with gently sloping sides. | Shield volcano (prompt on just “Volcano”; prompt on “Mountain”) |
| A form of this phenomenon that causes a change in angular momentum is named for Gamow and Teller. One form of this phenomenon that causes lepton number violation is believed to be caused by a Majorana fermion. One form of this phenomenon involves a proton transitioning to a neutron by releasing a neutrino and an anti-lepton and is called positron emission. This phenomenon occurs when two leptons are generated by the conversion of a neutron to a proton. For the point, name this type of decay where an electron is emitted from the nucleus. | Beta Decay (prompt on “Decay” or “Radioactive Decay”) |
| One of these devices used for filtration containing two layers of asbestos separated by a layer of perforated ceramics is named for Frank Austin Gooch. Glass or asbestos filters are attached to these devices when used in gravimetric analysis. The shape and depth of these devices determines if they are considered high-form or wide-form. Traditionally, tongs and these devices were used to perform ash content analysis. For the point, name these lab containers used to heat samples to very high temperatures. | Crucible |
| Q/QMONOS is a version of this material manufactured in Japan for use in the fashion industry. The Canadian company Nexia attempted to create the ingredients of this material using transgenic goats who secreted special proteins in their milk. Nephila clavipes produce a golden type of this material that is the most common basis for bioengineering projects attempting to replicate it. For the point, name this type of substance made by humans to imitate the strength of a natural protein fiber secreted by arachnids. | Artificial Spider Silk (prompt on “Silk”) |
| It's not scattering, but two charged particles can undergo a version of this process named for Coulomb that is often observed in plasma. The coefficient of restitution gives the quotient of the relative velocities before and after these events and allows one to calculate the closing speed. One limiting case of these events can be described as “perfectly plastic” and occurs when the two incident bodies coalesce. Kinetic energy remains unchanged in the elastic form of, for the point, what events in which objects exert force on one another? | Elastic Collision (accept Inelastic Collision) |
| In this organ, the marginal zone borders one region that contains periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths. This isn't the kidney, but arteries in this organ are surrounded by a sheath of nodules called Malpighian corpuscles. Tissues within this organ include the red pulp and the white pulp, the latter of which produces leukocytes, or white blood cells. For the point, name this organ, the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the human body. | Spleen |
| This property is generally exhibited by experiments with positive Lyapunov exponents. This property is displayed by scattering particles in the Gaspard-Rice system, and by electronics in a Chua circuit. Classic examples of this property include a water wheel with leaky buckets and a double pendulum, while a more abstract example is the butterfly effect. For the point, name this property of deterministic systems that are extremely sensitive to initial conditions. | Chaos (accept word forms; prompt on “Sensitivity”) |
| This compound and phenol are synthesized from benzene and propylene in the Cumene process. The military propellant cordite was originally manufactured using this compound as a solvent for the Weizmann process. When mixed with dry ice, this compound can be used to create cold baths with temperatures as low as -78 degrees Celsius. In the Jones oxidation, chromium trioxide and sulfuric acid are dissolved in this polar aprotic solvent. For the point, name this volatile compound used to clean lab glassware, the simplest ketone. | Acetone (or 2-Propanone, or Propan-2-one, or Dimethyl Ketone) |
| The shape of a furrow in the Kainops genus of this organism distinguished it from the Viaphacops genus. Isotelus rex is sometimes thought to have been the world's largest of these organisms, the final order of which to survive was Proetida. These organisms were thought to have first appeared during the Cambrian period, and filter feeding was practiced by some of these organisms, others of which eventually moved onto land. For the point, name these extinct arthropods with a name meaning "three lobes." | Trilobites (accept Trilobita; prompt on "Proetida" before mentioned) |
| For discovering the mechanism of a process named for this scientist, Gerhard Ertl [[EHR-tul]] won the 2007 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. A cycle that applies Hess's law to find the lattice energy of a crystal is named for Max Born and this man. An industrial process named primarily for this scientist uses an iron catalyst to react atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen gas. For the point, name this German chemist who names a process for synthesizing ammonia along with Carl Bosch. | Fritz Haber [[HAH-buh]] (be lenient on pronunciation; accept Haber-Bosch process; accept Born-Haber cycle) |
| One portion of this organ produces the sulfotransferase SULT2A1, which in turn forms DHEA sulfate. The innermost portion of this organ is primarily made out of chromaffin cells which are activated by the sympathetic nervous system. The release of catecholamines by the medulla of this organ is central to the fight or flight response. The zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis make up the cortex of, for the point, what pair of steroid hormone-producing organs? | Adrenal glands (or Suprarenal glands) |
| The first material to exhibit this property was later used as a transducer in gramophones. Accelerometers utilize this property by incorporating sensors that resist shock and respond to pressure. Rochelle salt is capable of exhibiting this property, which was produced in one experiment using materials such as cane sugar and tourmaline by the researchers Jacques and Pierre Curie. Bone and crystal are materials that exhibit, for the point, what type of electric charge that is created in response to a mechanical force? | Piezoelectricity (or Piezoelectric Effect) |
| To satisfy this statement, a linear combination of two Hartree products can be taken to generate a Slater determinant. This statement explains the degeneracy pressure that maintains white dwarfs and neutron stars, and it also dictates that wavefunctions must be asymmetric under exchange for particles with half-integer spin. For the point, name this principle which states that no two identical fermions can simultaneously exist in the same quantum state, named for an Austrian physicist. | Pauli Exclusion Principle (accept Exclusion Principle) |
| This process is delayed by the spindle checkpoint until the paired kinetochores are segregated and secured. The release of separase during this process results in a loss of the protein cohesin, allowing for a set of unique microtubule classes to form. Securin is a protein component of this process’ promoting complex that ubiquitinates target proteins. During this process, daughter chromatids are moved to the opposite poles as the cell prepares to divide. For the point, name this stage of mitosis that precedes telophase. | Anaphase (prompt on “Mitosis”; prompt on “Meiosis”) |
| Turbulent tidal flows are a characteristic of the slightly stratified variety of these places that are common in subtropical climates. Differences in velocity between two layers of one type of these places is characteristic of their salt wedge variety. Barrier islands can form a boundary along the bar-built varieties of these regions where sediment level corresponds with rises in sea level. These features that contain brackish water are often seen as transition zones between rivers and the sea. For the point, name these partially enclosed bodies of water along coastlines. | Estuary (or Estuaries; accept Salt Wedge before mentioned; accept Slightly Stratified Estuary; accept Bar-built Estuary) |
| Unexplained filaments have been seen on this object's Tvashtar Paterae [[TVAHSH- tar pah-TEH-ray]]. The motion of this object was used by Ole [[OH-leh]] Romer to prove the speed of light was finite. Atoms from this object create a large plasma torus around the body that it orbits. This innermost of a set of three objects with a one-to-two-to-four orbital resonance is affected by the tidal heating from those other objects, which are Europa and Ganymede. For the point, name this volcanic moon of Jupiter. | Io (accept Jupiter One before mentioned) |
| The "shotgun" form of this technique often makes use of paired-end tags and a BAC library. A type of this technique that uses a flow cell to bind primers was developed by the company Illumina. Fred Sanger invented a form of this technique that uses fluorescent chain-terminating nucleotides, which was applied alongside "next-generation" forms of this technique to complete the Human Genome Project in 2022. For the point, name this technique used to determine the order of bases in a sample of DNA. | DNA Sequencing (accept word forms) |
| For a capacitor, this quantity equals one-half Q-squared over C for a charge Q. In the virial theorem, this quantity is equal to V sub TOT [[T-O-T]]. The negative gradient of this quantity is equal to force, and the gravitational form of this quantity is calculated as mass times gravitational acceleration times height. In elastic systems, this quantity equals one- half times kx squared. This quantity is exemplified by the tension in a bow string and a weight at the top of a ramp. For the point, name this type of energy contrasted with kinetic energy. | Potential Energy (prompt on "Energy") |
| The relationship between this species and the similar ergaster species is still debated, making it unclear how many Out of Africa events occurred. Similar male and female body sizes in this species may indicate it had low sexual dimorphism, making it the oldest likely primate to have engaged in monogamy. This species is believed to have produced the Acheleulean stone hand axes and to be the first to control fire. For the point, name this ancestral hominid species whose Latin name means “upright man.” | Homo Erectus |
| A device in Malcolm Knapp Research Forest was able to prevent ripples in this substance from obscuring images by floating glycerin on top of it and using compressed air to buffer its motion. Robert W. Wood was the first person to successfully apply a mirror made out of this substance in astronomy, observing that spinning it produced a perfect parabola. The Large Zenith Telescope in Vancouver was a test to prove that mirrors made from this element were usable in telescopes. For the point, name this metallic element used for liquid mirrors. | Mercury |
| Amylin is secreted alongside this protein to prevent post-prandial spikes. The two chains of this protein's precursor are connected by the 31-amino acid C-peptide. This hormone's release triggers the membrane insertion of GLUT4 transporter proteins and the synthesis of glycogen. This hormone is produced by beta cells within the Islets of Langerhans. Glucagon counteracts, for the point, what pancreatic hormone that lowers blood sugar levels? | Insulin |
| One technique for this specific process attaches proteins to a crystalline matrix before they are pulsed and desorbed by a UV laser. Like a similar "electrospray" technique, that "soft" form of this process, called MALDI, fragments samples before mass spectrometry. Like electron affinity, the energy of this process increases towards the top right of the periodic table. For the point, name this process in which an atom gains or loses electrons and becomes charged. | Ionization (accept answers describing creating Ions; accept Electrospray Ionization; accept ESI; accept MALDI before mentioned; prompt on "Mass Spectrometry" before mentioned; prompt on "Fragmentation") |
| E. A. Beet and J. V. Neel first discovered the genetic transmission of this disease that is commonly treated using hydroxyurea. Vaso-occlusive crises often occur in patients with this autosomal recessive disorder, which is caused by a glutamic acid to valine point mutation. In a common example of heterozygote advantage, carriers of this disease are less susceptible to developing malaria. Crescent moon-shaped red blood cells are a key characteristic of, for the point, what blood disease that frequently affects African populations? | Sickle Cell Anemia (or Sickle Cell Disease; accept SCD) |
| This effect's gravitational form was first observed in the Pound–Rebka experiment. As a consequence of Hubble's law, any sufficiently distant star or galaxy will exhibit this effect when viewed from Earth. At small distances, the magnitude of this effect is represented with a positive value for "z." For the point, name this phenomena in which a star's light wavelengths get longer as a consequence of the Doppler effect, the opposite of blueshift. | Redshift (prompt on "Doppler effect"; do not accept or prompt on "blueshift") |
| The adjacency type of these constructs can be used to represent graphs. One of these constructs can be solved with a series of linear equations using Cramer's rule. Cofactor expansion can be used to calculate the determinant of these constructs. The identity type of these constructs have ones along the main diagonal and zeroes everywhere else. For the point, name these mathematical constructs, which are rectangles made up of rows and columns. | Matrix (or Matrices; accept Adjacency Matrix; accept Coefficient Matrix; accept Identity Matrix) |
| The addition of DMSO or glycerol in this technique can help minimize the formation of hairpin structures. The NEB Q5 High Fidelity Master Mix is used in this technique, whose development won Kary Mullis the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The results of this technique are often visualized by gel electrophoresis after it is performed in a thermal cycler with reagents such as primers and Taq [[TACK]] polymerase. Denaturation, annealing, and extension are the three stages of, for the point, what laboratory procedure used to amplify a sequence of DNA? | Polymerase Chain Reaction (or PCR) |
| This programming language contains the concept of SFINAE, or "Substitution failure is not an error." Unit testing and image processing techniques can be added by this programming language's Boost library, and non-permanent source code in this language can be generated by a metaprogramming technique called templating. LLM is a set of compiler technologies written in this programming language that was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup with a goal of adding classes to an existing programming language. For the point, name this programming language, an extension of C. | C++ (do not accept or prompt on "C" or any other non-exact answers) |
| In Japan, hinoe uma [[hin-OH-eh OO-mah]] is used in this field to determine when to have a child, causing a drop in births in 1966. Theodore Adorno conducted a study of newspaper columns dedicated to this field, concluding that they were instruments of irrationalism dedicated to capitalist conformity. Along with tarot [[TAY-roh]], this field is the most popular form of western esotericism [[eh-so-TEH-roh-sism]]. For the point, name this pseudoscientific field that uses horoscopes in an attempt to predict the future from the positions of the zodiac, planets, and stars. | Astrology (accept Astrologists; prompt on "Fortune Telling" or similar answers; do not accept or prompt on “astronomy”) |
| Two of these compounds react to form their "beta-keto" type in the Claisen condensation. Cyclic examples of these compounds are called lactones, and this functional group links glycerol to three fatty acids in a triglyceride. An alcohol and a carboxylic acid reflux with one another to form this functional group in a reaction named for Emil Fischer. For the point, name these organic compounds with general formula R-C-O-O-R, which often have a fruity aroma. | Esters (accept Esterification Reaction; accept Beta-keto Esters; accept Cyclic Esters) |
| The number of continuous types of this operation possessed by a function determines its smoothness, and this operation cannot be performed at any point for a Weierstrauss function. This operation is applied to the numerator and denominator of a fraction in L’Hopital’s [[LO-pee-tals]] rule, and it can be evaluated using the power rule. For the point, name this operation that finds the slope of a tangent line. | Derivative (or Differentiation; accept Differentiable) |
| Katalin Kariko's primary research concerns this substance and its immunogenicity. The efficiency of this substance is often increased by adding a 5-prime-UTR from the human alpha-globin gene and incorporating the modified base, N1-methylpseudouridine. In two formulations, this molecule is packaged in lipid nanoparticles so it can enter cells to produce the expression of the coronavirus spike protein. The Moderna and Pfizer COVID-19 vaccines contain, for the point, what nucleic acid that is translated by the cell's ribosomes and produced by transcription? | mRNA (or Messenger RNA; accept RNA; prompt on "Vaccine" or "Coronavirus Vaccine" or "COVID-19 Vaccine") |
| This biome contains the tongue plant, which is an example of a class named for their resemblance to a cushion. Denoted ET in the Köppen classification, this biome commonly contains nitrogen and phosphorus rich soil. Rodents called lemmings often inhabit this biome that contains lichens and small shrubs as vegetation. Derived from a Sami word meaning "treeless mountain tract," this biome is often inhabited by caribou. For the point, name this extremely cold biome that is commonly found in the Arctic. | Tundra (or Alpine Tundra; accept Polar Tundra) |
| One of these objects, called Pōniuāʻena, was found in 2020, and formed in space seven hundred million years after the Big Bang. These objects can sometimes be called broad absorption-line when its absorption lines are blueshifted relative to the object's rest frame. In those types of these objects, gas flows outward from its nucleus toward the observer, and its lines can be detected from ionized carbon, magnesium, silicon, and nitrogen. For the point, name this extremely luminous active galactic nucleus, powered by supermassive black holes. | Quasar (or Quasi-stellar object or QSO) |