| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A reef in the Guadalupe Mountains lent its name to the Capitanian age of this period. Everett C. Olson lent his name to a specific event during this period that occurred roughly 270 million years ago. The end of the Carboniferous period marks the beginning of this last period of the Paleozoic. Increased volcanism may have been a result of an event that occurred during, for the point, what period during which the largest mass extinction on Earth occurred? | Permian Period |
| A box released in 1982 by Iomega [[“EYE”-oh-meh-gah]] made use of this equation to pull a floppy disk. Torricelli's theorem is a specific case of this equation. A decrease in either potential energy or static pressure can lead to an increase in speed by the terms of this equation, whose modern form was derived by Leonard Euler. For the point, identify this principle of fluid dynamics named after a Swiss mathematician. | Bernoulli's Principle (accept Bernoulli's Equation) |
| The name for this element is derived from a German word meaning "goblin." Among the coordination complexes of this element is Vitamin B12. The Democratic Republic of the Congo accounts for more than half of the production of this element, which is often a byproduct of nickel and copper mining. For the point, name this element, with the atomic number 27, which has been historically used in jewelry due to its blue pigment. | Cobalt (prompt on "Co") |
| A variety of soap made from a form of this natural substance is derived from ox and is often used to remove stains from textiles. Welchol and Lovalis are among the trade names of an acid sequestrant named for this substance, which contain chenodeoxycholic and cholic acids. This substance, also known as gall, helps with lipid digestion within the small intestine. For the point, name this yellow-green digestive fluid substance produced in the liver. | Bile (accept Bilis; accept Bile Soap; accept Bile Acid; accept Gall before mentioned) |
| Jumbled lineae and lenticulae on this body are known as chaos regions. This body is the smoothest solid object in the solar system because its ice crust is refreshed by salt water that is melted by tidal forces. Like Enceladus, water jets from cryogeysers have been observed coming from the surface of this body, which possesses a large subsurface ocean. Jupiter II [[Two]] is another name for, for the point, what satellite, the smallest of the Galilean moons? | Europa (accept Jupiter II before mentioned) |
| One of these molecules that uses a "ping-pong" mechanism will have parallel lines on its corresponding Lineweaver-Burk plot. The parameters K-cat, K-m, and V-max describe the activity of these proteins in Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Allosteric inhibitors of these proteins block substrates from binding to their active sites. Amylase and catalase are examples of, for the point, what proteins that are often called "biological catalysts"? | Enzymes (prompt on "Proteins"; prompt on "Catalysts") |
| A Swiss-based biotechnology company called this system's namesake "Therapeutics" was founded by Shaun Foy and Rodger Novak. The Patent Trial and Appeal Board found that Feng Zhang is the inventor of an application involving this system, in which the cleavage of certain strands of DNA is made possible by the guiding of the cas9 protein. For the point, name this system that presents new gene editing applications. | CRISPR (or Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; accept CRISPR Therapeutics; accept CRISPR-cas9) |
| This set of numbers is generalized by the p-adic system. Other sets of numbers can be constructed by partitioning this set via a Dedekind cut. Algebraic numbers are the roots of polynomials whose coefficients are these numbers, which include all values with terminating or repeating decimal expansions. A boldface letter Q represents, for the point, what set of numbers which can be represented as a fraction containing two integers? | Rational Numbers (accept Q before mentioned; do not accept or prompt on "Irrational Numbers") |
| Excess of this compound in the blood may be caused by disorders of a cyclic biochemical pathway which converts this compound into urea. In the Haber Process, this gas is reversibly produced when atmospheric nitrogen combines with hydrogen derived from natural gas, such as methane. For the point, name this colorless, toxic gas typically used in cleaning products and whose chemical formula is NH3. | Ammonia (accept Nitrogen Trihydride; accept NH3 before mentioned; do not prompt or accept "Ammonium") |
| Sopdet was an Egyptian goddess who was thought to personify this celestial body, which was part of the body of the Manu constellation. In 210,000 years, Vega will take over one distinction from this star, which is also known as Alpha Canis Majoris. This star has a −1.46 value for visual apparent magnitude, more than doubling the brightness of Canopus. For the point, name this brightest visible star in the night sky, also referred to as the "Dog Star." | Sirius (accept Alpha Canis Majoris or Alpha CMa before mentioned; accept Sirius A or Sirius B; prompt on “Dog Star” before mentioned) |
| In a 1920 edition of one work, the man who hypothesized this body referred to one "of the Carboniferous." Arthur Holmes claimed that mantle convection was responsible for the breaking up of this body, which was once surrounded by the Panthalassic Ocean. Gondwana, Siberia, and Euramerica helped form, for the point, large pre-historic supercontinent whose name means "all Earth." | Pangea |
| This concept was first introduced in 1909 by S. P. L. Sørensen. The sum of a disassociation constant and the log of the ratio of two particular concentrations can be used to find this quantity in the Henderson– Hasselbalch equation. A mixture of dyes that can serve as an indicator of this quantity is litmus paper. For the point, name this measure of the acidity of a solution whose name is short for "potential of hydrogen." | pH (accept Potential of Hydrogen before mentioned; prompt on "Acidity of a solution" before mentioned) |
| Two features that are next to what this feature is opposite are known as the catheti. Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, are described as being the first five examples of the "non-" this type of number, and using the law of cosines, one can derive the value of the length of this feature often symbolized "c." The sum of the squares of two quantities can give the length of this feature by the Pythagorean theorem. For the point, name this longest side of a right triangle. | Hypotenuse (accept Nonhypotenuse Number; prompt on "Longest side of a triangle" or similar answers) |
| This constellation is home to several galaxies, such as the unbarred spiral galaxy, NGC 772 and the irregular galaxy, NGC 1156. This constellation in the northern hemisphere contains several stars, such as Botein, Mesarthim, and Sheratan, although it's brightest star is Hamal. Located between Pisces to the west and Taurus to the east, this is, for the point, what constellation of the zodiac whose name means "the ram" in Latin? | Aries |
| A crop product mistakenly believed to be invented by this man may have derived from his book How to Grow [this crop] and 105 Ways of Preparing It for Human Consumption. In response to ground nutrient depletion, this man responded by conducted soil studies, in which he advocated for crop rotation involving the alternation of cotton, sweet potatoes, and peanuts. For the point, name this agricultural scientist whose work on legumes prevented soil depletion in the American south. | George Washington Carver |
| Galaxies defined by the emission of this type of radiation possess highly energetic lobes and an interior with active galactic nuclei. This type of radiation was first observed in outer space coming from the Milky Way by Karl Jansky, and this radiation is the least disturbed by the atmosphere, which makes it ideal for ground-based telescopes. For the point, name this form of electromagnetic radiation, which has the longest frequency. | Radio Waves |
| One symptom that people with a disorder afflicting this body part may experience is ophthalmopathy, which includes bulging eyes. Overactivity of this body part results from a disorder called Graves' disease, while underactivity of this body part results from Hashimoto's disease. This body part, which wraps around the cricoid cartilage and lies anterior to the trachea, produces the hormones T-3 and T-4. For the point, name this butterfly-shaped gland at the base of the neck. | Thyroid (accept Hyperthyroidism; accept Hypothyroidism) |
| The guiding principles of this programming language assert that “readability counts” and “explicit is better than implicit.” Widely used libraries for this language include “pandas” and its namesake “num” and “sci” libraries. This language does not use semicolons to terminate lines but instead relies on the use of indents. For the point, name this high-level programming language named after a British comedy troupe, not a snake. | Python |
| Operation Argus was carried out to test the Christofilos effect concerning this phenomenon, which proposed nuclear weapons could trap electrons from it. This phenomenon can undergo reversals, which some have proposed can cause mass extinction by letting particles in the Van Allen radiation belt escape. A protectant against solar wind, this is, for the point, what phenomenon which surrounds the Earth and emanates from the Arctic and Antarctic regions? | Earth's Magnetic Field |
| The Tsangpo is an 18,000-foot place of this type, whose box variety were often used as corrals. On Navajo land holdings, the Antelope variety of one of these places is an example of its slot type, which can have a 100-to-one depth-to-width ratio. A gorge is another name for one of these places, a 277 mile-variety of which was created by the Colorado River. For the point, name these narrow valleys with steep sides. | Canyons (accept Tsangpo Canyon; accept Box Canyon; accept Antelope Canyon; accept Slot Canyon; accept Grand Canyon) |
| Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning co-founded this company, which uses the designation NACS as the standard for one of its products. Gigafactory 5 is the name of the headquarters of this company in Austin, Texas. An entrepreneur from South Africa founded this company, which manufactures the Model 3. Superchargers can be used to power products manufactured by, for the point, what electric vehicles company led by Elon Musk? | Tesla, Inc. (accept Tesla Motors) |
| Carbonic anhydrases are used in this process to integrate CO2 into sugar molecules. Purple bacteria perform the anoxygenic type of this process using hydrogen sulfur as the reductant and producing elemental sulfur as a byproduct. Thylakoids are used by cyanobacteria to carry out the light-dependent part of this process. For the point, name this process that uses chlorophyll to produce energy from light. | Photosynthesis (accept Anoxygenic Photosynthesis) |
| The process of lyonization converts one of these structures into an inactivated Barr body. Having an extra one of these structures results in Klinefelter's syndrome, while a missing one causes Turner syndrome. Since their mutations are found on this chromosome, recessive disorders such as hemophilia and colorblindness are much more prevalent in males. Females possess two copies of, for the point, what human sex chromosome contrasted with the Y chromosome? | X Chromosomes (prompt on "Chromosome" or "Sex Chromosome") |
| Defining this metric was the subject of an article by Jan Minx and Thomas Wiedmann. In the U.S., 16 tons is the average calculation of this metric for an individual. Methane is often figured into calculations of this metric, which can be taken by summing activities that release greenhouse gases. For the point, name this measure of human emissions of CO2 that is often represented with a five-toed body part. | Carbon Footprint (or Greenhouse Gas Footprint; accept “A Definition of Carbon Footprint”) |
| In the television titled [This Man] Sees the World, this man is joined by the band OK Go and comedian Drew Carrey to explain the concept of extinction. In an episode of Epic Rap Battles of History, Isaac Newton targeted this man by saying, "Perhaps it'd be better if I added in a bleep or a bloop or another wacky sound effect," and, "While I create science, you explain to kids." For the point, name this American educator known as the "Science Guy." | Bill Nye (or William Sanford Nye; accept Bill Nye the Science Guy) |
| The metal form of this element melts at 842 degrees Celsius and boils at 1494 degrees Celsius. Limestone is composed primarily of this element’s most common compound, which contains carbonate. This element is the fifth-most abundant element in Earth's crust and the third-most abundant metal. For the point, name this element which has atomic number 20. | Calcium (or Ca; accept Calcium Carbonate) |
| This man told Johanna Fantova that his political views were reflected in a certain action that he was shown undertaking in a work by Arthur Sasse. While sitting in a limousine next to Frank Aydelotte, the director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, this man was asked to "smile for a birthday photo," in response to which he stuck his tongue out. For the point, name this German physicist who developed the theory of relativity. | Albert Einstein |
| Within this constellation is the grouping of five galaxies known as Stephan's Quintet. Four stars— Algenib, Markab, Scheat, and Alpheratz—make up this constellation's "Great Square" asterism. The brightest star of this constellation, Enif, is found on its figure’s muzzle. For the point, name this constellation whose name comes from a winged horse in Greek mythology. | Pegasus (accept Great Square of Pegasus) |
| Inversion sprains of this structure most commonly result from straining the CFL or AFTL ligaments. This structure is the only mortise and tenon type of joint in the human body and is formed where the talus meets two longer bones. Damage to the syndesmotic ligaments in this structure are known as its high type of sprain. For the point, name this joint that connects the shin to the foot. | Ankle (accept High Ankle Sprain; prompt on “Foot” or “Feet” before “joint" is mentioned) |
| Foster's Rule makes statements regarding the size of organisms inhabiting these locations. The draining of bodies such as Wollaston Lake in different directions can result in the subcontinental variety of these locations. These locations, which include skerries and cays, are formed when hot magma rises and break the ocean’s surface. For the point, name these landmasses which are surrounded by water on all sides? | Islands (accept The Theory of Island Biogeography; prompt on "Skerries" or "Cays" before mentioned; prompt on "Archipelago") |
| These objects were notably concentrated in the Blue Lias in South West England and Wales. In the Awash Valley, Ethiopia, the one of the most notable of these objects was discovered by Donald Johnson, whose team derived its name from a Beatles song. "Lucy" was an example of, for the point, what preserved impressions of prehistoric organisms which are studied by paleontologists? | Fossils (accept Fossilized Bones; accept Fossilized Remains) |