| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| This genus is used in the Ames Test for carcinogenic materials. Members of this genus utilize a namesake pathogenicity island-1 to release virulence factors to bypass the digestive tract’s immune system. Members of this genus cause rose colored spots to appear on the skin in the systemic infections paratyphoid and typhoid fever. For the point, name gram-negative genus of bacteria known for causing food poisoning in undercooked poultry. | Salmonella |
| David Wheeler and Conway Berners-Lee are often considered the creators of this structure's algorithm, which they used for data storage via magnetic tape. A bit referred to as "color" is stored in a particularly fast variety of these structures. These data structures have nodes with a key value above those of all the keys in the node's left subtree but below all in the right subtree. For the point, name this type of binary tree. | Binary Search Tree (accept Ordered Binary Tree; accept Sorted Binary Tree; accept Search once “binary tree” is mentioned; prompt on “Tree” or “Binary Tree"; anti-prompt on "Red-black Tree") |
| Jean Perrin's study on this phenomenon won him the 1926 Nobel Prize for Physics. Albert Einstein's explanation of this phenomenon confirmed the atomic nature of matter. This phenomenon was first discovered in 1827 by a Scottish botanist after observing pollen grains suspended in water through a microscope. For the point, name this phenomenon, which is the uncontrolled movement of particles after colliding with surrounding molecules. | Brownian Motion (or or Brownian Movement; or Pedesis) |
| Two genetic causes of this affliction is linked to mutations of the SOD 1 [["Superoxide dismutase 1"]] gene and the six-letter nucleotide repeat GGGGCC, which results from a mutation of the C9ORF72 [["Chromosome 9 open reading frame 72"]] gene. Another name for this disease comes from a baseball player who passed away from the disease in 1941. For the point, name this disease characterized by progressive degenerative of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, also called Lou Gehrig's Disease. | ALS (or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; or Motor Neurone Disease; or MND; accept Charcot’s Disease; accept Lou Gehrig’s Disease before mentioned) |
| This operation applied to any infinitely large family of closed sets will always yield a closed set. Two sets are called disjoint if applying this operation to them gives the empty set. This operation is represented by the overlapping region between two circles in a Venn diagram. An upside-down U symbolizes, for the point, what operation on two sets that returns the elements that belong to both sets, which is contrasted with union? | Intersection |
| Water used in this procedure is stripped of electrolytes through reverse osmosis before having hydroxyl and hydrogen ions added and passed through an absolute filter. This procedure may be needed if creatine clearance or glomerular filtration rate fall below critical levels or if urea is present in the blood. For the point, name this procedure used to filter blood outside of the body in kidney failure patients. | Hemodialysis (or Peritoneal Dialysis; or Renal Replacement Therapy; or RRT; prompt on “Blood Filtration”) |
| A water deity from Assyro-Babylonian tradition lends his name to a crater chain on this body known as the Enki Catena. Of a set of four bodies, this was the largest one that Simon Marius observed. This moon, designated by the Roman numeral III [[Three]], is larger than the planet Mercury. The largest moon in the Solar system is, for the point, what satellite of Jupiter that is named for a mythological cup-bearer for Zeus? | Ganymede (or Jupiter III) |
| In 2019, the UK National Laboratory found that heat generated by this element could illuminate small light bulbs. After neptunium, plutonium, and curium, this was the fourth transuranium element to be discovered at the University of Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory. For the point, name this manmade radioactive actinide element, with an atomic number of 95, named for the country in which it was first synthesized. | Americium (or Am) |
| While studying differential calculus, this person wrote to Augustus De Morgan, "I am often reminded of certain sprites and fairies one reads of." This "Enchantress of Numbers," published Note G, in which she came up with a program to compute Bernoulli numbers. Considered the first computer programmer, this is, for the point, what female mathematician who created an algorithm for Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine? | Ada Lovelace (or Augusta Ada Byron; or Augusta Ada King) |
| A protein that has this shape is rich in proline and hydroxyproline, and provides elasticity to connective tissues. The two most common secondary structures in proteins are beta-sheets and an "alpha" motif with this shape. Evidence for this shape came when Photo 51 was taken by Rosalind Franklin, whose results were later published by James Watson and Francis Crick. For the point, DNA has a "double" type of what shape, which looks like a twisted ladder? | Helix (or Helices; or Helical; accept Collagen Helix; accept Alpha Helix; accept Triple Helix; accept Double Helix; prompt on "Spiral" or "Corkscrew") |
| A binary star in this constellation, designed with the number 55, is orbited by give extrasolar planets, including Brahe, Jansen, and Lipperhey. Praesepe is a feature of this constellation also known as the Beehive Cluster. That feature of this constellation is listed as the 44th entry in the Messier catalog. Bordered by Gemini to its west, this is, for the point, what constellation with corresponds to the zodiac symbol of the crab? | Cancer |
| The combination of a group of three deflections on these recordings usually lasts from 80 to 100 milliseconds and is known as the QRS Complex. Usually, the "12-lead" recording of this type is taken while the subject is lying down. Voltage is plotted against time in the measures taken by these recordings, which make observations through cardiac cycles. For the point, name medical test that records electrical heart activity. | Electrocardiogram (or ECG; or EKG; accept Electrocardiography) |
| The carnitine shuttle transports fatty acids into this organelle to be broken down by beta-oxidation. The release of Cytochrome C from this organelle triggers apoptosis, or cell death. This organelle contains a maternally-inherited circular genome, as well as inner membrane folds called cristae that contain the proteins of the electron transport chain. For the point, name this organelle nicknamed the "powerhouse of the cell." | Mitochondria (or Mitochondrion) |
| This man explained how a telescope works in his book Doptrice. This man discovered the elliptical orbit of Mars based on data collected by Tycho Brahe [[TY-koh BRAH-heh]], whose work inspired this man to published the Rudolphine Tables. For the point, name this German astronomer whose first law of planetary motion states that planets move in ellipses with the Sun at one focus. | Johannes Kepler (accept Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion) |
| The quark-gluon variety of this material is sometimes referred to as "quark soup." An 1879 talk on "radiant matter" is thought to have been the origin of understanding of this material, in which neon signs are an instance that this material has experienced partial ionization. A definition of transitions to this material are less well-defined then between liquids, solids, and gases. For the point, name this fourth fundamental state of matter. | Plasma (accept Quark-gluon Plasma) |
| Examples of these structures made by members of the family Podocarpaceae produce pseudofruit to attract birds. These structures consist of bracts and scales arranged around a central axis. These structures temporarily open up to receive pollen before closing for fertilization and re-opening as they dry out. For the point, name these reproductive plant structures used to disperse seeds by evergreens such as firs and pines. | Conifer Cones (or Strobili; accept Pinecones) |
| The third-largest of these objects has been referred to as the "yin and yang" of its kind due to its contrasting black and white hemispheres. The smallest of these objects bears resemblance to the Death Star due to its numerous craters, the largest of which is named after William Herschel. Telesto, Mimas, and Iapetus [[“eye”-AH-pah-tiss]] are examples of, for the point, what objects, such as Enceladus and Titan, which orbit the sixth planet from the Sun? | Moons of Saturn (accept equivalent answers) |
| In addition to being bijective and having this quality, homeomorphisms have an inverse function with this quality. Though lacking differentiability, the Weierstrass function has this quality at all points. Variables that are discrete are the opposite of those described by this word. A lack of jump is used in certain definitions of functions with, for the point, what quality of functions that can be drawn on a group without lifting a pen? | Continuous (accept Continuity) |
| The first mention of this disease was provided by Charles Oscar Waters, who described it as "a form of chorea, vulgarly called magrums." Repeats of CAG segments characterize this disease, which is autosomal dominant. This disease is named after an American physician, who described it as hereditary and able to onset dementia. For the point, name this neurogenerative disease that causes the breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. | Huntington's Disease (or HD; or Huntington's Chorea) |
| The discovery of specialized forms of this trait in the ankylosaur Borealopelta suggests that their armor plating was defensive and not for mating displays. The fossilized feathers of an Anchiornis specimen preserved evidence of this trait through differently shaped melanosomes. For the point, name this trait of dinosaurs that can sometimes be inferred from the remains of pigments. | Coloration (accept Pigmentation before “pigments” is mentioned; accept any answer indicating the Colors or hues of dinosaurs) |
| Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden led a Geologic Survey of the region that became this national park. The hues created in the dispersion of white light can be found in the Grand Prismatic variety of one feature in this national park. The cone variety of one feature in this national park has, since, 2000, taken no more than two hours between individual eruptions. For the point, name this national park in the U.S. the is home to the geyser Old Faithful. | Yellowstone National Park |
| This element, along with aluminum, silicon and oxygen, is found in leucite. A common geochronology dating method involves the decay of an isotope of this element into argon-40. Forty-two milligrams of this silvery white chemical element can be found in members of the genus Musa, which includes plantains. A type of electrolyte, bananas are rich in, for the point, what mineral and chemical element symbolized as K? | Potassium (accept K before mentioned) |
| Measuring this process is the primary goal of the multinational Argo Floats project. Acceleration in this process results in heightened risk of exposing the world’s largest methane hydrate deposits. Decreases in pH due to this process results in continually lower values for the carbonate compensation depth, making it easier to dissolve animal shells. For the point, name this effect of climate change in which sea level rise due to thermal expansion. | Ocean Warming (accept any answer indicating the increase in Temperature of the ocean or Increases in ocean heat content; prompt on “Climate Change” or “Global Warming”) |
| A quantity represented by lowercase gamma is used to represent the per capita death rate of these organisms in a Kolmogorov model partly named for Alfred James Lotka. According to the Wa-Tor model, these organisms reproduce at a fast rate in relation to their counterpart. The apex variety of these organisms reside at the top of a food chain. For the point, name these organisms that often hunt prey. | Predators (accept Apex Predator) |
| Sutton-Pasquill theory describes this phenomena and introduced a molecular diffusivity term absent in Sutton's earlier model. This process can be calculated by the change in storage, streamflow and groundwater discharge and subtracting that value from a quantity symbolized capital P. Transpiration is often conflated with this process, which is driven by solar energy. For the point, name this process by which water turns into gas. | Evaporation (accept Evapotranspiration; prompt on "Vaporization" before mentioned) |
| The so-called "toe" of these structures is the point of rotational balance between pressure and weight in the gravity type of these structures. When these structures manipulate flow pressure with multiple gates they are known as a barrage. The most common type of these structures utilizes an arch to distribute water pressure to the walls of a narrow canyon. For the point, name these structures that impound water in a river to form an artificial lake. | Dam (accept Gravity Dam; accept Embankment Dam) |
| This phenomenon occurs near the approach of a warm front due to cold air damming trapping pockets of warm air above very cold regions, causing supercooling. This phenomenon is caused by temperature inversions where the central substance passes through a layer of sub-32 degree air less than one kilometer from the ground. Silver storms or glaze storms are instances of, for the point, what type of precipitation where liquid water becomes solid on contact? | Freezing Rain (accept Ice Storm; accept Silver Storm; accept Glaze Storm; prompt on “Rain”; do not accept “Snow,” “Sleet,” or “Hail") |
| Sudden and short distance changes in this quantity are known as its shear and can occur near downbursts. Rotating cups are used to measure this quantity in a anemometer and the Beaufort scale is used to relate this quantity to water conditions. The Saffir-Simpson and Fujita scales are measures of this quantity used to determine the intensity of storms. For the point, name this quantity that can reach over 200 miles per hour during a hurricane. | Wind Speed (or Wind Velocity; accept Air Speed; accept Air Velocity; prompt on just “Speed” or “Velocity”) |
| Sagittarius A lies at the center of one of these entities, the oldest known of which is called GN-z11. These entities contain magnetic fields within them, helping establish the angular momentum required for new stars within them to form. H-II regions are often created when a star is born in one of these celestial entities, whose types include irregular, spiral, or elliptical. For the point, name these groups of stars exemplified by the Milky Way. | Galaxies (or Galaxy; accept Irregular Galaxies; accept Spiral Galaxies; accept Elliptical Galaxies) |
| Mydriasis is a term used for the widening of this structure, while the constriction of this structure occurs in myosis. The diameter of this structure is controlled by its namesake light reflex. Opioid use is thought to be a cause of the dilation of this structure, whose diameter is controlled by the iris in the center of which this structure is found. For the point, name this black hole found in the center of the eye. | Pupil (prompt on "Eye") |
| This element has two stable isotopes which have six and seven neutrons. Under standard conditions, this element is the least-dense metal and the least-dense solid element. This alkali metal is commonly obtained from ocean brine and is used to make ion batteries which power Tesla automobiles. Found in group one of the periodic table, this is, for the point, what element which has atomic number three? | Lithium (or Li; accept Lithium-ion Battery) |