| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Members of this phylum possess a mesodermal skeleton that is composed primarily of calcite plates called ossicles. Members of this phylum utilize a water vascular system for locomotion and control of their tube feet. Unlike other bilaterians, members of this phylum only exhibit bilateral symmetry as larva and as adults develop radial symmetry. For the point, name this animal phylum that includes sea urchins and starfish. | Echinodermata (or Echinoderms) |
| These distances were intended to be measured by the European Space Agency’s Gaia mission. Using the principle of these distances forms the first tier of the cosmic distance ladder, and that tier allows for the measurement of large distances such as the space between Earth and a star. Measured by the angle of inclination between two different lines of sight, this is, for the point, what difference in the perceived position of an object? | Parallaxes |
| At Yale, this person published their dissertation, New Types of Irreducibility Criteria while studying under Øystein Ore [[OOY-steen OO-ruh]]. This person wrote the Arithmetic Language version 0, as well as the FLOW-MATIC data processing language for the UNIVAC I [[One]] computer. This woman also worked on the Harvard Mark I [[One]] computer. For the point, name this mathematician and computer scientist who also served as a rear admiral in the U.S. Navy. | Grace Hopper (or Grace Brewster Hopper; or Grace Brewster Murray) |
| Vibrations that pass through the endolymph-filled "duct" of this structure stimulate hair cells that are attached to its Organ of Corti. The oval window on this structure receives signals from the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. Electrodes are embedded into this structure in a common "implant" for people with sensorineural hearing loss. For the point, name this spiral-shaped organ in the inner ear. | Cochlea (accept Cochlear Implant; accept Organ of Corti until mentioned; prompt on "Ear" or "Inner Ear") |
| This model explains the interaction of the Higgs field with massless quark fields through the Yukawa interaction. This model is combined with gravitational models to form so-called “theories of everything.” This model describes the electromagnetic, weak, and strong force and accounts for every known fundamental particle. For the point, name this basic framework of contemporary particle physics. | Standard Model |
| Ian Wilmut wrote a work titled for his experiences "After" this event. A Finn-Dorset member of one species was the subject of efforts by the Roslin Institute in Scotland who undertook this effort in 1996. Work on African clawed frogs led to the use of somatic cell in this effort, whose subject went on to breed with a Welsh Mountain ram, giving birth to six lambs. For the point, name this effort in which an identical sheep was brought to life. | Cloning of Dolly the Sheep (accept After Dolly: The Uses and Misuses of Human Cloning) |
| This man wrote his doctoral dissertation On the Stability and Turbulence of Liquid Current under the advisory of Arnold Sommerfeld. Carl Eckert and Frank Hoyt translated one of this scientist's most famous works into English, The Physical Principles of Quantum Mechanics. For the point, name this German physicist known for postulating that one cannot simultaneously know a particle's speed or position, his namesake uncertainty principle. | Werner Heisenberg (or Werner Karl Heisenberg; accept Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle) |
| This element's 237 isotope is its most stable with its half-life of about 2.14 million years, and through alpha decay, that isotope transforms into protactinium-233. Another isotope of this element is produced from the beta emission of uranium-239, in which this element loses an electron to transform into plutonium- 239. For the point, name this radioactive element named after the farthest planet from the Sun. | Neptunium (or Np; accept Neptunium-237; accept Neptunium-239) |
| de Polignac's formula expresses the largest power of a prime that divides into an application of this function. Due to the conventions regarding an empty product, this function for zero is equal to 1, and for an input of 4, this function has a value of 24. For n, this function is defined as the product of positive integers below or at the value n. For the point, name this function denoted with an exclamation mark. | Factorial |
| Due to his 1250 isolation of this element with soap, this element's discovery is sometimes attributed to Albertus Magnus. Along with sulfur, four atoms of this element are found in the mineral realgar, and this element and gallium are found in a certain direct band gap semiconductor. Due to its historic use in the murder of royals, this element came to be known as the "poison of kings." For the point, name this toxic element with chemical symbol As [[A-S]]. | Arsenic (accept As before mentioned) |
| A scientist from this country fled Hamburg after receiving the taxidermied remains of a seven-headed hydra, which he claimed was a hoax that was made by monks using snakeskin and weasel paws. One astronomer from this country founded the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, while a chemist from this country used nitroglycerine to manufacture dynamite. For the point, name this country home to Anders Celsius, Carl Linnaeus, and Alfred Nobel. | Sweden |
| Carl Correns and Hugo de Vries are among the four men who independently discovered the findings of this man. Among the seven traits that this abbot worked with were pod shape and flower position in a set of experiments which led this man to coin the words "recessive" and "dominant." For the point, name this Austrian biologist whose pea plant experiments defined the rules of his namesake inheritance. | Gregor Mendel (or Gregor Johann Mendel; or Řehoř Jan Mendel; accept Mendelian Inheritance) |
| Hans Bethe and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker lend their name to a type of reaction that is named for this process. Charles-Augustin de Coulomb names an energy barrier resulting from electrostatic forces that must be exceeded for this to occur. Arthur Eddington suggested that the occurrence of this process of hydrogen into helium fuels a star's energy. For the point, name this process by which atomic nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei. | Nuclear Fusion (accept Fusion Reaction; anti-prompt on "CNO Cycle") |
| In 1979, Thomas C. Hanks and Hiroo Kanamori suggested to replace this system with their own framework. The means by which this system derives its measure is by taking the amplitude of a wave and applying the logarithm. A similar framework to this system was developed by Giuseppi Mercalli, who based his scale on observed effects. Relying on seismographic data, this is, for the point, what scale which measures earthquake intensity? | Richter Magnitude Scale (accept Gutenberg–Richter Scale) |
| Jared Diamond once claimed that this species evolved to be able to consume dwarf elephants of the Stegodon genus. The extinct Megalania bore a remarkable similarity to this species of the genus varanus. Many members of this species that are able to reproduce both sexually and via parthenogenesis inhabit the Lesser Sundas. For the point, name this large, venomous lizard named for an Indonesian island. | Komodo Dragon (accept Komodo Lizard; accept Varanus komodoensis; prompt on partial answers) |
| The machine that is employed for this technique consists of shim coils, which correct inhomogeneities, and three sets of gradient coils, which produces gradients int he x, y, and z axes. Unlike computed tomography, this other non-invasive technique does not utilize X-rays or ionizing radiation. For the point, name this imaging technique that uses a large magnet to produce images of the internal structure of the human body. | MRI (or Magnetic Resonance Imaging) |
| A cyclical variety of this shape named for Lemoine is formed by the points of an intersecting triangle. Pappus of Alexandria names a theorem dealing with these shapes, whose area can be solved with the formula "3 times the square root of 3 all over 2 times side length squared." Each of the internal angles of a regular one of these shapes is 120 degrees, which together sum to 720 degrees. For the point, name this six-sided polygon. | Hexagons (accept Lemoine Hexagon; prompt on "Polygon") |
| The results of this process can be categorized into differential facies [[FAY-seez]] based on mineral assemblages. Foliation is the repeated layering caused by this process, whose contact type can be caused by magma intrusions. This process occurs to protoliths to transform them into rocks such as marble, gneiss [[NICE]], or schist. For the point, name this process by which heat and pressure transform igneous or sedimentary rocks. | Metamorphism (accept Contact Metamorphism; accept word forms like Metamorphic) |
| Though not the name of a substance, this process lends its name to a type of "divide" that is alternatively known as a ridgeline or height of land. The internal form of this process within soil, or waterlogging, can prevent poor conditions for root growth. A catchment area is another name for an "area," which, described by this process, is its namesake basin. For the point, name this process of the removal of surface water. | Drainage (accept Drainage Divide; accept Internal Drainage; accept Drainage Area; accept Drainage Basin) |
| A spectrometer made by Kent Ford was used in a series of studies on this phenomenon. Along with the cosmological constant, or lambda, a variety this phenomenon lends its name to a parametrized model of the Big Bang. A variety of this phenomenon that moves slowly relative to the speed of light is described as "cold." For the point, name this theoretical phenomenon thought to account for more than 80% of the matter of the universe. | Cold Dark Matter (accept Lambda-CDM Model; prompt on "CDM") |
| A protein of the P4-type ATPase that can be found in this structure is known as flippase. A coating that resembles fuzz which appears on the exterior of this structure is the glycocalyx. Seymour Jonathan Singer and Garth L. Nicolson devised the fluid mosaic model of this structure, which is semi-permeable. For the point, name this structure containing a phospholipid bilayer and is responsible for regulating materials in and out of a cell. | Cell Membrane (or Plasma Membrane; or Cytoplasmic Membrane; accept Plasmalemma; accept Membrane after "cell" is mentioned; prompt on "PM") |
| The use of this disease in inoculations were attempted independently by German teacher Peter Plett and English farmer Benjamin Jesty. Pus gathered from a lesion caused by this disease was applied on the skin of an eight-year-old James Phipps by Edward Jenner in effort to gain the boy immunization from smallpox. For the point, name this viral disease named after an animal of the Bovidae family. | Cowpox (accept Cowpox Virus; accept CPXV; prompt on “Poxvirus”) |
| Located below the SEB [["S-E-B"]], this structure was observed and detailed in 1831 by Samuel Heinrich Schwabe. This feature, which is similar to Oval BA [["B-A"]], had its depth measured by the Juno spacecraft. This feature, which rotates counterclockwise, is about 10,000 miles wide, and wind speeds inside this anticyclonic circulation system can reach 250 miles per hour. For the point, name this large storm on Jupiter with a colorful name. | Great Red Spot (or GRS) |
| A mine in Wieliczka [[vah-LEECH-skah]], has, since Neolithic times, been used to mine a mineral containing this element. The E number 262 refers to the diacetate of this element, which is found in compounds such as caustic soda and lye. Isometric crystals are formed by a mineral containing this metallic element known as halite. For the point, name this alkali metal whose chloride is often known as table salt. | Sodium (or Na; accept Sodium Acetate; accept Sodium Chloride) |
| Streams of this substance surround regions known as kipukas. When generated underwater, this substance can create a pillow-like form. Cinder cones can be formed from expulsions of fountains of this substance, which can be found at craters. Pyroclastic deposits are formed by the felsic variety of, for the point, what volcanic substance that flows above the surface, unlike magma? | Lava (accept Magma before mentioned; accept Pillow Lava; accept Felsic Lava) |
| In a machine used in this technique, brief bursts of pulsed echos are generated by a transmitter. This technique includes a hand-held device called a transducer, which can be placed inside the esophagus to obtain heart images, to convert electrical energy to acoustic pulses. A sonographer specializes in the use of, for the point, what imaging technique which utilizes sound waves and is used as a prenatal test for pregnant women? | Ultrasound (accept Sonogram before "sonographer" is mentioned) |
| The tropism of this virus depends on whether it uses the CXCR4 or CCR5 co-receptors to enter cells. Patients infected with this virus often develop a skin cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma. The first drug created to treat this virus was the reverse-transcriptase inhibitor AZT. Immune deficiencies, which result from the destruction of CD4-positive helper T cells, are caused by, for the point, what retrovirus that causes AIDS? | HIV (or Human Immunodeficiency Virus) |
| A model for predicting events driven by this phenomenon is the WAM model used by the Helmholtz Association. Surface gravity waves formed by this phenomenon may mutually propagate through a ground swell. Along with thermohaline circulation, this phenomenon is the most common driver in the formation of ocean currents. For the point, name this atmospheric phenomenon that drives ocean waves. | Wind |
| An apocryphal story claims that the most potent form of this drug was discovered by Mary Hunt on a canteloupe from a Peoria, Illinois fruit market. Dorothy Hodgkin’s X-ray crystallography of this drug proved that it possessed a beta-lactam ring. This drug was discovered by Alexander Fleming after he observed a fungus killing his Staphylococcus samples. For the point, name this first commercially produced antibiotic. | Penicillin |
| A region of this object with an anomalously high concentration of thorium is named for Arthur H. and Karl T. Compton and Igor Belkovich. Regions of excess gravitational attraction, called mascons, were first discovered on this object, whose formation is the subject of the giant-impact hypothesis. This object, whose dark plains are known as maria [[MAR-ee-ah]], is home to the Sea of Tranquility. For the point, name this satellite that orbits that third planet from the Sun. | Earth’s Moon (or Luna) |
| The risk of these events is highest in areas that have very high time of concentration values. The areal type of these events can occur when the rate of precipitation outpaces the run-off and infiltration rates. Particularly devastating outburst varieties of these events can occur when ice walls or natural dams fail. For the point, name these natural disasters whose flash variety can occur after heavy rainfall. | Floods (accept Areal Floods; accept Outburst Floods; accept Flash Floods) |