| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| On these diagrams, RR Lyrae variables are located between notches of the x-axis that are labeled "A" and "F." W Virginis variables are located in the instability strip (+) on these diagrams, which, extending from the top left to the bottom right, contain a section labeled as the "main sequence." Named after (*) two astronomers, these are, for the points, what scatterplots that chart the relationship between the luminosity and temperature of a star? | H-R Diagrams (or Hertzsprung-Russell Diagrams; accept HRDs) |
| An example of this law concerns the fermentation of yeast during bread baking, which involves the expansion of carbon dioxide while the bread is placed in the oven. (+) An experiment that demonstrates this law involves a balloon shriveling up when placed in a case of liquid nitrogen but automatically re-inflates when it is taken back out. (*) For the points, name this law which states that, at constant pressure, the volume of an ideal gas is proportional to its temperature. | Charles's Law |
| All electrons in singly filled orbital should have the same value for this quantity according to Hund's rule. This value is either positive one-half (+) or negative one-half for fermions by the Pauli exclusion principle. Depicted with either an upward arrow or downward arrow, this is, (*) for the points, what last quantum number, an electron's intrinsic angular momentum, denoted by m [["m-sub-s"]]? s | Electron Spin (or Electron Spin Quantum Number; prompt on "Angular Momentum") |
| On these diagrams, consanguineous unions are represented by a double line and successive generations are labeled with Roman numerals. A half-shaded shape (+) on one of these diagrams indicates a heterozygote or carrier of a condition such as colorblindness or Huntington's disease. (*) For the points, name these diagrams used to visualize how genetic disorders are transmitted through a family's lineage. | Pedigree Chart (accept Family Tree; prompt on "Family History" or “Genealogy”) |
| This museum contains the Fels Planetarium, the second oldest planetarium in the United States. This museum contains a national memorial to its (+) namesake that was designed by John Windrim and modeled after the Pantheon in Rome. This institution also displays multiple possessions from its namesake including a glass harmonica and a (*) lightning rod. For the points, name this science museum in Philadelphia, named after an American polymath. | Franklin Institute (prompt on partial answers) |
| Wounds to phloem and xylem tissues trigger release of these compounds to induce cell differentiation. The most common and basic form of these hormones is indole-3-acetic acid. (+) The release of these hormones lowers the pH and breaks down the cellulose of the cell wall to induce (*) tropisms. For the points, name these plant hormones that promote cell elongation and regulate growth. | Auxins (prompt on plant “Hormones” before “hormones” is mentioned) |
| Aside from Venus, this is the only known object to contain 'racetrack'-like coronae, including three named Elsinore, Arden, and Inverness. This body contains a cliff called Verona Rupes, a 12- mile-high (+) escarpment which is the tallest cliff in the Solar System. This body is named for the daughter of Prospero in Shakespeare’s (*) The Tempest, which also lends its name to its neighboring moon Ariel. For the points, name this smallest of Uranus' five major satellites, orbiting alongside Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon. | Miranda (accept Uranus V before “Uranus” is mentioned) |
| One layer of this body part primarily hosts a tissue-resident macrophage called the Langerhans cell. That layer, the stratum spinosum, (+) attaches via desmosomes to the deepest layer of this body part, the stratum basale. About 90% of this body part consists of keratinocytes, though it also contains touch receptors called Merkel cells and (*) pigment-producing melanocytes. For the points, name this outermost layer of the skin. | Epidermis (prompt on "Skin"; do not prompt on "Dermis") |
| These structures occupy a rectangular stripe in the third quadrant of a Ramachandran plot because they have phi and psi angles at negative 60 and negative 45 degrees. (+) Proline is known as a “breaker” of these structures, which contain hydrogen bonds between every (*) four amino acids. For the points, name these protein secondary structures contrasted with beta-sheets, which have a coiled appearance. | Alpha Helix (or Alpha Helices; prompt on partial answer; prompt on “Peptide” or “Secondary Structure”) |
| When the size of the cells of these organisms diminishes after cell division, specialized zygote cells called auxospores restore them to their initial size. These organisms are called the (+) "jewels of the sea" and "living opals" since their cell walls, or frustules, are composed of silica, which is the main constituent of (*) glass. For the points, name these single-celled algae that inhabit marine ecosystems. | Diatoms (accept Bacillariophyta; prompt on "Algae” or "Plankton" or "Phytoplankton") |
| Harvey Fletcher was among the participants in this 1909 experiment that took place in the Ryerson Lab at the University of Chicago. (+) A pair of metal surfaces were placed parallel to one another in order to observe a set of droplets in this experiment. (*) For the points, name this experiment performed by Robert Millikan which measured the charge of an electron. | Millikan Oil Drop Experiment (or Millikan Experiment before mention) |
| Leif Størmer's dissertation examined the development of this organism, which he grouped as a member of Artiopoda. Spriggina may have been an ancestor (+) to these organisms, which came to dominate sea environments. Paradoxides and Phacops are among the many genera of these organisms, whose roles included that of a filter feeder and (*) a seabed predator. For the points, name these now-extinct marine arthropods whose name mean "three lobes." | Trilobites (accept Trilobita) |
| In proving Vinograd's theorem, one can use a sum named for this mathematician represented as “c-sub-q of n.” This mathematician’s namesake primes are defined as the difference between pi of x (+) and pi of (x - 2). This man, who calculated Euler’s constant to 15 decimal places, hailed from modern-day (*) Tamil Nadu. For the points, name this Indian mathematician who founded a formula for the infinite series of pi. | Srinivasa Ramanujan (or Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar) |
| A 2023 study found that, in the equatorial region, the apex height of this region is approximately 18 kilometers. (+) Deriving from a Greek word meaning "rotating," this region is home to most weather phenomena and contains roughly (*) 3/4ths of the mass of the planetary atmosphere. With an average height of 11 miles, this is, for the points, what lowest atmospheric layer? | Troposphere |
| The industrial production of phosgene often involves the passing of chlorine and a purified form of this compound through a catalyst of porous activated charcoal. The Fischer-Tropsch Process (+) involves the creation of hydrocarbons from a mixture of hydrogen and this compound. Dizziness and "cherry red skin" are among the symptoms of a condition involving excess inhalation of this (*) odorless compound, known as its namesake "poisoning." For the points, name this compound with chemical symbol CO [[C-O]]. | Carbon Monoxide (accept Carbon Monoxide Poisoning; prompt on "CO" before mentioned) |
| The DEAD box type of these proteins function during RNA metabolism. Examples of these proteins such as Mcm2 are loaded onto AT-rich ori sites during a “licensing” step. (+) Topoisomerases relieve the tension created by these enzymes, which initiate replication by breaking the (*) hydrogen bonds between nucleobases. For the points, name this class of enzymes that unwinds RNA and DNA. | Helicases (accept DNA or RNA Helicase) |
| A location of known as this landform’s hurricane variety in Utah was listed as containing "faultless Shinarump conglomerate.” Escarpments characterized by steep inclines surround this landform’s central feature, (*) whose summit regions are more extensive than those of buttes. A particular large one of these known as the Grand variety can be found in Colorado. With a name meaning (*) "table" in Spanish, this are, for the points, what flat-topped elevated landforms? | Mesas (accept Tablehills or Table-top Hills before "table" is mentioned and prompt after; accept Tent Hills; accept Jump Ups; accept Tepui; accept Hurricane Mesa; accept Grand Mesa; prompt on "Ridge" or "Hill" or "Mountain") |
| Finland’s Lake Pohjalampi was the site of an experiment manipulating density and this quantity for invertebrates. The total amount of organically bound (+) carbon is sometimes used as a proxy for this ecological quantity. Primary production is a measure of the total (*) increase in this quantity for a given area. For the points, name this quantity equal to the total amount of living matter found in a specific ecosystem. | Biomass |
| This man's interest in anesthesia was evident in his 1847 essay On the Inhalation of the Vapor of Ether, which was published after he administered chloroform to Queen Victoria while she was in labor with Prince Leopold. This man wrote, (+) "I suspected some contamination of the water of the much-frequented street-pump in Broad Street" in response to the (*) 1854 cholera outbreak in Soho, London. For the points, name this English physician considered to be the "Father of Epidemiology." | John Snow |
| The oldest hominin produced examples of these objects are located at Laetoli, (+) Tanzania and were formed in volcanic ash. Examining the spacing of these objects provides the best evidence for a dinosaur's speed, and they can be used to determine (*) bipedalism. For the points, name these types of fossils contrasted with body fossils that were made by indents rather than preserved bones. | Footprint Fossils (or Fossil Trackways; or Ichnite; or Ichnofossil; accept Trace Fossils; accept Trachilos Footprints; accept Laetoli Footprints; prompt on “Fossils”) |
| The lower portion of this specific kind of structure is comprised primarily from ultramafic cumulations derived from melts from a deeper adjacent region. Gaps in this specific region are filled with crystal mush (+) that later become sheeted dikes and pillow lava. This specific structure is made up of denser basalt, which causes it to subduct under its (*) terrestrial continental counterpart. For the points, name this portion of the lithosphere covered by water. | Oceanic Crust (accept Oceanic Plates; prompt on “Crust” or “Plates”) |
| These organisms use their tail fibers to grasp their prey and initiate reversible and irreversible binding. The virulent type of these organisms reproduces through the lytic cycle, (+) as opposed to the temperate variety. Some of these organisms integrate themselves into their hosts genomes through lysogeny, as seen in their (*) lambda type. For the points, name these viruses named for infecting prokaryotes. | Bacteriophages (accept Lambda Phage) |
| This man is the alphabetically-first namesake of an approach that combines an element’s enthalpies of ionization and atomization (+) using Hess’s Law. Along with J. Robert Oppenheimer, this man names an approximation that assumes the motion of atomic nuclei and (*) electrons can be treated separately. For the points, name this German physicist, who, with Fritz Haber, names a cycle used to calculate the lattice energy of a crystal. | Max Born (accept Born-Oppenheimer Approximation; accept Born-Haber Cycle) |
| 1,4-cyclohexadienes are created from arenes in a type of this reaction named for Arthur Birch. This reaction lends its name to a form of elimination (+) in organometallic chemistry. Hydrogenation is a class of this type of reaction, which happens at the cathode of an electrochemical cell. Oxidation is contrasted with, (*) for the points, what type of reaction, in which a species gains electrons? | Reduction Reactions (accept Birch Reduction; accept Reductive Elimination; prompt on "Redox" reactions; prompt on "Oxidation-Reduction" reactions but do not accept or prompt on "Oxidation") |
| The Cayman Trough contains the deepest known site of these ecosystems called “Beebe,” which generally form on divergent plate boundaries. Animals such as the Pompeii worm and the (+) scaly-foot gastropod thrive in these ecosystems because they receive energy and nutrients from bacteria undergoing chemosynthesis. Black and white smokers are the two divisions of, (*) for the points, what structures that emit mineral-rich fluids on the deep ocean floor? | Hydrothermal Vents (accept Black Smokers; accept White Smokers before mentioned; prompt on “Vents”; prompt on “Seafloor”; prompt on "Extreme" or "Extremophile") |
| The original author of the Servo engine is this organization, and this company developed an email client known as Thunderbird. (+) Jason Calacanis claimed gained over $70 million in 2006 due to the inclusion of a Google search feature in this company’s most well-known product. That open- source product launched by this company was a competitor of (*) Internet Explorer. For the points, name this company that developed the Firefox browser. | Mozilla Corporation (accept Mozilla Foundation; accept Mozilla Firefox; accept accept Mozilla Thunderbird) |
| This constellation is home to a feature sometimes referred to as Charles's Wain and contains an asterism called the Three Leaps of the Gazelle. Merak is the beta star (+) of this constellation which also includes a feature that includes four components of a bowl and three of a handle. A plough- shaped asterism in this constellation is popularly known as the (*) Big Dipper. For the points, name this constellation with a Latin name meaning "great bear." | Ursa Major (accept "Great Bear" before mentioned) |
| IR8 was a variety of this crop developed in the 1960s primarily developed for cultivation in the Philippines and India. This crop’s new genetically modified breeds have greatly increased yields in the second half of the 20th century, (+) becoming a key part of the Green Revolution. O. glaberrima and O. sativa are two cultivars that serve as the basis for development of a New [this crop] for Africa. (*) For the points, name this white cereal grain grown in paddy fields. | Rice (accept New Rice for Africa) |
| They’re not planets, the Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism is exhibited by these objects, which are tested for in a technique that measures their (+) spectral type and lithium content. Unlike main- sequence members, these bodies are unable to maintain the (*) fusion of hydrogen into helium. For the points, name these cool, low mass stars which are sometimes known as "failed stars." | Brown Dwarfs (prompt on "Failed Stars" before mentioned; prompt on “Stars”; prompt on “Dwarf”) |
| Voigt notation can be used to express this law as a six-by-six compliance matrix, which was used by Cauchy in his generalization of this law to three dimensional bodies. (+) The generalized form of this law can be written using both Poisson’s ratio and Young’s modulus. Materials for which this law is applicable are referred to as (*) linear-elastic. For the points, name this law that describes the compression of a spring, which is often written as F = kx. | Hooke's Law |
| Neso and Sao orbit this planet, which is home to a ring named for a man who predicted its position, John Couch Adams. In 1989, Voyager 2 flew by the (+) Great Dark Spot of this planet. The largest moon of this planet notably has a (*) retrograde orbit and is known as Triton. The radius of this gas giant is less than 1000 kilometers smaller than Uranus. For the points, name this eighth planet from the Sun. | Neptune |
| A postulate named for this man written as E = nhv claims that oscillators have quantized energy in certain collections of matter. A law regarding the density of radiation (+) given off from a blackbody is named for this man, as is a value given as (*) 6.63 times 10^-34 Joules per second. For the points, identify this German physicist who names a constant symbolized lowercase h. | Max Planck (or Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck; accept Planck’s Law) |
| A sphere undergoes this process in the Mie solution. Radiation that is subject to this process is said to undergo diffuse reflections. Increased transmission for longer wavelengths (+) is characteristic of the Tyndall variety of this phenomenon. Propagation direction can be modified without collisions causing energy loss in the (*) elastic type of this process. For the points, name this process that describes light's deviation from a straight path. | Scattering (accept Mie Scattering; accept Tyndall Scattering; accept Elastic or Inelastic Scattering) |