| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Everett C. Olson lent his name to a specific event during this period that occurred roughly 270 million years ago. The end of the Carboniferous period marks the beginning of this last period of the Paleozoic. Increased volcanism may have been a result of an event that occurred during, for the point, what period during which the largest mass extinction on Earth occurred? | Permian Period |
| Torricelli's theorem is a specific case of this equation. A decrease in either potential energy or static pressure can lead to an increase in speed by the terms of this equation, whose modern form was derived by Leonard Euler. For the point, identify this principle of fluid dynamics named after a Swiss mathematician. | Bernoulli's Principle (accept Bernoulli's Equation) |
| An atom of this element occupies the center of a corrin ring in Vitamin B12. The Democratic Republic of the Congo accounts for more than half of the production of this element, which, along with iron and nickel, is ferromagnetic. For the point, name this metal with atomic number 27, which has been historically used in jewelry due to its blue pigment. | Cobalt (prompt on "Co") |
| Welchol is an example of an acid sequestrant named for this substance, which contains chenodeoxycholic and cholic acids. Components of this substance can accrete into lumps called gallstones. This substance helps with lipid digestion within the small intestine. For the point, name this yellow-green digestive fluid substance produced in the liver. | Bile (accept Bilis; accept Bile Acid; accept Gall before mentioned) |
| This body is the smoothest solid object in the solar system because its ice crust is refreshed by salt water that is melted by tidal forces. Like Enceladus, water jets from cryogeysers have been observed on the surface of this body, which has a large subsurface ocean. Jupiter II [[Two]] is another name for, for the point, what satellite, the smallest of the Galilean moons? | Europa (accept Jupiter II before mentioned) |
| One of these molecules that uses a "ping-pong" mechanism will have parallel lines on its Lineweaver- Burk plot. In Michaelis-Menten kinetics, the parameters K-cat and V-max describe the activity of these proteins, whose allosteric inhibitors block substrates from binding to their active sites. For the point, name these proteins that are often called "biological catalysts.” | Enzymes (prompt on "Proteins"; prompt on "Catalysts") |
| Inversion sprains of this structure most commonly result from straining the CFL or AFTL ligaments. This structure is the only mortise and tenon type of joint in the human body and is formed where the talus meets two longer bones. Damage to the syndesmotic ligaments in this joint are known high type sprain of, for the point, what joint that connects the shin to the foot? | Ankle (accept High Ankle Sprain; prompt on “Foot” or “Feet” before “joint" is mentioned) |
| Other sets can be constructed by partitioning this set of numbers via a Dedekind cut. Algebraic numbers are the roots of polynomials whose coefficients are these numbers, which include all values with terminating or repeating decimal expansions. A boldface letter Q represents, for the point, what set of numbers which can be represented as a fraction of two integers? | Rational Numbers (accept Q before mentioned; do not accept or prompt on "Irrational Numbers") |
| Excess of this compound in the blood may be caused by disorders of a cyclic biochemical pathway which converts this compound into urea. In the Haber Process, this gas is reversibly produced when atmospheric nitrogen combines with hydrogen. For the point, name this colorless, toxic gas typically used in cleaning products whose chemical formula is NH3. | Ammonia (accept Nitrogen Trihydride; accept NH3 before mentioned; do not prompt or accept "Ammonium") |
| Sopdet was an Egyptian goddess who was thought to personify this celestial body, which was part of the body of the Manu constellation. This star is also known as Alpha Canis Majoris, and has a −1.46 value for visual apparent magnitude, more than doubling the brightness of Canopus. For the point, name this brightest visible star in the night sky, also referred to as the "Dog Star." | Sirius (accept Alpha Canis Majoris or Alpha CMa before mentioned; accept Sirius A or Sirius B; prompt on “Dog Star” before mentioned) |
| This body was the most recently-formed example of a set that includes the earlier Nuna, Rodinia, and Pannotia. Arthur Holmes claimed that mantle convection was responsible for the breaking up of this body, which was once surrounded by the Panthalassic Ocean. For the point, name this large pre-historic supercontinent whose name means "all Earth." | Pangaea |
| A specific value of this quantity called the isoelectric point can be calculated for a protein using the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. A mixture of dyes that can serve as an indicator of this quantity is litmus paper. For the point, name this measure of the acidity of a solution whose name is short for "potential of hydrogen." | pH (accept Potential of Hydrogen before mentioned; prompt on "Acidity of a solution" before mentioned) |
| Two line segments that are named in reference to this feature are known as the catheti. Using the law of cosines, one can derive the value of the length of this line, often symbolized "c," and the sum of the squares of two legs can give the length of this line by the Pythagorean theorem. For the point, name this longest side of a right triangle. | Hypotenuse (prompt on "Longest side of a triangle" or similar answers) |
| Along with the Zeta Perseids, a meteor shower named for this constellation is the most intense daylight shower of the year. This constellation contains stars such as Botein, Mesarthim, and Sheratan, although its brightest is Hamal. Located between Pisces and Taurus, this is, for the point, what constellation of the zodiac whose name means "the ram" in Latin? | Aries |
| This man collaborated with his friend Henry Ford on plans for a car made of a soybean-derived plastic. In response to ground nutrient depletion, this man advocated for crop rotation involving the alternation of cotton, sweet potatoes, and peanuts. For the point, name this agricultural scientist who did pioneering work on legumes at Tuskegee University. | George Washington Carver |
| This type of radiation was first observed in outer space coming from the Milky Way by Karl Jansky. This radiation is the least disturbed by the atmosphere, which makes it ideal for ground-based telescopes. For the point, name this form of electromagnetic radiation, which has the longest frequency and is commonly used for audio broadcasting. | Radio Waves |
| Overactivity of this body part results from a disorder called Graves' disease, while underactivity of this body part results from Hashimoto's disease. This body part, which wraps around the cricoid cartilage and lies anterior to the trachea, produces the hormones T-3 and T-4. For the point, name this butterfly- shaped gland at the base of the neck. | Thyroid (accept Hyperthyroidism; accept Hypothyroidism) |
| Widely used libraries for this language include “pandas” and its namesake “num” and “sci” libraries. This language does not use semicolons to terminate lines but instead relies on the use of indents. For the point, name this high-level programming language named after a British comedy troupe, not a snake. | Python |
| The generation of this phenomenon is the subject of dynamo theory. This phenomenon can undergo reversals, which some have proposed can cause mass extinction by letting particles in the Van Allen radiation belt escape. A protectant against solar wind, this is, for the point, what phenomenon which surrounds the Earth and emanates from the Arctic and Antarctic regions? | Earth's Magnetic Field (accept Geomagnetic Field; accept Earth’s Magnetosphere) |
| On Navajo land holdings, the Antelope variety of one of these places is an example of its slot type, which can have a 100-to-one depth-to-width ratio. A gorge is another name for one of these places, a 277 mile-variety of which was created by the Colorado River. For the point, name these narrow valleys with steep sides. | Canyons (accept Antelope Canyon; accept Slot Canyon; accept Grand Canyon) |
| Gigafactory 5 is the name of the headquarters of this company in Austin, Texas. An entrepreneur from South Africa founded this company, which manufactures the Model 3. Superchargers can be used to power products manufactured by, for the point, what electric vehicle company led by Elon Musk? | Tesla, Inc. (accept Tesla Motors) |
| Purple bacteria perform the anoxygenic type of this process using hydrogen sulfur as the reductant and producing elemental sulfur as a byproduct. Thylakoids are used by cyanobacteria to carry out the light- dependent part of this process. For the point, name this process that uses chlorophyll to produce energy from light. | Photosynthesis (accept Anoxygenic Photosynthesis) |
| Having an extra one of these structures results in Klinefelter's syndrome. Since their mutations are found on this chromosome, recessive disorders such as hemophilia and colorblindness are much more common in males. Females have two copies of, for the point, what human sex chromosome contrasted with the Y chromosome? | X Chromosomes (prompt on "Chromosome" or "Sex Chromosome") |
| In the U.S., 16 tons is the average calculation of this metric for an individual. Methane is often figured into calculations of this metric, which can be taken by summing activities that release greenhouse gases. For the point, name this measure of human emissions of CO2 that is often represented with a five-toed body part. | Carbon Footprint (or Greenhouse Gas Footprint) |
| In a show titled [This Man] Sees the World, this scientist is joined by the comedian Drew Carey to explain the concept of extinction. This current CEO of The Planetary Society defended evolution in a 2014 debate with creationist activist Ken Ham. “Science Rules!” is a catchphrase said by, for the point, what American educator known as the "Science Guy"? | Bill Nye (or William Sanford Nye; accept Bill Nye the Science Guy; accept Bill Nye Sees the World) |
| This element is found in the minerals vaterite and aragonite, while its most stable polymorph defines a value of 3 on the Mohs hardness scale. This element and magnesium are the most prevalent ions found in hard water. Limestone is composed primarily of the carbonate of, for the point, what element with chemical symbol Ca? | Calcium (accept Ca before mentioned; accept Calcium Carbonate) |
| A set of four papers published by this man in 1905 are called his “Annus Mirabilis.” While sitting in a limousine with director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, this man was asked to "smile for a birthday photo," in response to which he stuck his tongue out. For the point, name this German physicist who developed the theory of relativity. | Albert Einstein |
| Within this constellation is the grouping of five galaxies known as Stephan's Quintet. Four stars— Algenib, Markab, Scheat, and Alpheratz—make up this constellation's "Great Square" asterism. The brightest star of this constellation, Enif, is found on its muzzle of, for the point, what constellation whose name comes from a winged horse in Greek mythology? | Pegasus (accept Great Square of Pegasus) |
| The diaphragm of these objects controls the amount of lights that enters through the condenser lens. The compound type of these objects consists of an objective lens, in which scanning is set at 4X and oil immersion is set at 100x. Typically used in a laboratory, these are, for the point, what optical devices used to magnify very small objects? | Microscopes (accept Compound Microscopes) |
| The subcontinental variety of these locations can result from the draining of bodies such as Wollaston Lake in different directions. These locations, which include skerries and cays, are formed when hot magma rises and break the ocean’s surface. For the point, name these landmasses which are surrounded by water on all sides. | Islands (prompt on "Skerries" or "Cays" before mentioned; prompt on "Archipelago") |
| These objects were notably concentrated in the Blue Lias in South West England and Wales. In the Awash Valley, Ethiopia, the one of the most notable of these objects was discovered by Donald Johnson, whose team named it after a Beatles song. "Lucy" was an example of, for the point, what preserved impressions of prehistoric organisms which are studied by paleontologists? | Fossils (accept Fossilized Bones; accept Fossilized Remains) |