| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| For a perfect black body, this quantity equals sigma times area times temperature raised tothefourthpoweraccordingtotheStefan-Boltzmannequation.Themaximumvalue for this quantity is proportional to stellar mass due to the Eddington limit. This quantity is the vertical axis of the HR diagram, plotting it against color. For the point, name this measure of the total amount of light emitted by astar. | Luminosity (acceptAbsolute Magnitude; prompton "magnitude") |
| When subjected to nonzero values of this quantity, piezoelectric [[pee-EH-zoh-"electric"]] materials experience electric polarization and release electricity. When forces are applied parallel to the plane of the cross-sectional area, this quantity's sheer form arises. When this quantity exceeds the strength factor,permanentdeformations can occur. For the point, name this measure of internalforces, which can lead to strain. | Stress |
| Some members of this phylum possess teeth-like plate structures known as Aristotle’s Lanterns. The Holothuroidea [[hah-luh-thoo-ROY-dee-ah]] class in this phylum feeds by vomiting out its digestive organs and pulling them back in. Adults in this phylum typically possess penta-radial symmetry and use pressurized water for locomotion. Forthe point, name this animal phylum that includes sea cucumbers,sea urchins, and starfish. | Echinodermata (orEchinoderms) |
| When orbiting a larger body, these objects can undergo destructive carbon detonations. These objects, the most common stellar endpoint, are found in the lower-left corner of an HR diagram. These stars are supported from collapse by the degeneracy pressure of their fast-moving electrons. For the point, name these small stellar remnants, which are not massive enough to become a neutron star. | White dwarfs (acceptDegenerate dwarf; prompton "dwarf" or "star") |
| On the moon, this region possesses the body's magnetic field, making it irregular. Subduction zones occur when parts of this region are forcedbelowtheMohoDiscontinuity, melting and becoming part of a lower layer. This layer, which moves along the asthenosphere [[as-THEH-noh-"sphere"]], is divided into several tectonic plates. For the point, name this outermost layer of the Earth, whichsits on top of the mantle. | Crust (prompt on "lithosphere") |
| This scientist names inhibitory cells within the brain which are classified as Type One or Two based on theiraxonlength.Astainingmethodnamedforthisscientistthatuses silver chromate led to the discovery that brain tissue consists of individual neurons. An organelle named for this scientist passes vesicles [[VEH-sih-kuls]] through folds called cisternae [[sis-TER-nay]]. For the point, name this Italian biologist whose namesake "apparatus" packages proteins within the cell. | CamilloGolgi[[GOHL-jee]] (acceptGolgiapparatus;acceptGolgicomplex; accept Golgibody; acceptGolgistain) |
| Elephant fish often present relatively larger than normal examplesofthisstructure. This structure's cortex is home to namesake granule [[GRAN-yool]] cells,themostcommon type of neuron in the brain. This structure contains a set of GABAergic [[gah-bah-EHR-jik]] inhibitoryneuronscalledthePurkinje[[per-KIN-jee]]cells.Thisstructure,whichsitsbehind the pons, regulates motor control and balance. For the point, name this region ofthelower brain, the name of which comes from the Latin for"little brain." | Cerebellum (prompt on "hindbrain"; prompton "little brain" or "brain" before mentioned; do not accept or prompt on "cerebrum") |
| Felsic varieties of this substance can form namesake "domes." When this substance is extruded underwater, it can form its "pillow" variety. This substance can be classified as either ʻaʻā [[AH-AH]] or pahoehoe [[pah-HOY-HOY]] based on its texture and makeup. Pumice [[PUM-iss]] and obsidian are examples of igneous rocks formed by the cooling of this substance. For the point, name this form of molten rock created when magma reaches the Earth's surface. | Lava (do not accept or prompt on "magma") |
| These particles, which are said to have "left-handed" chirality [[kai-RAH-lih-tee]], were discovered to have mass by Takaaki Kajita [[tah-kah-AH-kee kah-JEE-tah]]. Beta-plus decayreleasesapositron,aneutron,andoneoftheseone-halfspinparticles.Theseparticles come in three flavors corresponding to electrons, muons [[MYOO-ons]], and tauons, betweenwhichtheyoscillate.Forthepoint,nametheseneutrallychargedleptons,whichare nearly massless. | Neutrinos (accept Tauneutrinos; accept Muonneutrinos; accept Electron neutrinos; prompt on "fermions"; do not accept orprompt on "neutrons") |
| An autoimmune disease impacting this organ is the most common cause of pernicious anemia.Thisorgan'sintrinsicfactorisrequiredtoabsorbvitaminB12.Infections with H. pylori bacteria and misuse of NSAID [[EN-sed]] painkillers are the most common causes of ulcers in this organ. This organ releases chyme [[KIME]] into the duodenum [[doo-AH-deh-num]] of the small intestine. For the point, name this organ thatdigestsfood with its namesake acid. | Stomach (acceptStomachacid) |
| A high-pressure solvent is forced throughabedoftightlypackedadsorbingmaterial in this technique's high-performance variety. This technique, which has a thinlayervariety, uses a mobileandstationaryphaseandcanbedemonstratedwithacoffeefilterandmarker. For the point, name this lab technique used to separate mixtures using namesake paper, which forms colorful bands. | Chromatography (accept High-performance orHigh pressure liquid chromatography; accept Thin-layerchromatography;accept Paperchromatography) |
| When these structures are unable to become ionized, they become the reflection type instead of the emission type. The planetary variety of these structures occur when a red giant expels its outer layers. The Pillars of Creation are a formation withinoneofthese structures named Eagle. The Crab is a well-known example of, for the point, what large star-forming clouds of dust and gas? | Nebulae (orNebulasl accept Reflectionnebula;accept Emissionnebula; accept Planetarynebula; accept Eaglenebula; accept Crab[a]nebula) |
| This force causes objects to become charged in the tribo-electric effect. Amonton’s [[ah-mohn-TOHNS]] Law states that this force is independent of surface area. This force is described by anamesakecoefficient,representedwiththelettermu[[MYOO]],andcomesin dynamic and kinetic varieties. Causing yourhandstowarmupwhenyourubthemtogether, for the point, what is this force which resists anobject’s motion? | Friction (accept Dynamicfriction, Staticfriction, or Slidingfriction; accept Kineticfriction; accept Coefficient offriction) |
| The WRB and UK-ADAS [[u-k-AY-duss]] systems classify this substance on a triangular diagram. This substance naturally sorts into distinguishable layers known as "horizons." Loam [["LOW"-um]] is a type of this substance particularly valuable for agriculture, and this substance can be enriched withhumus[[HYOO-muss]].Thissubstance is composed of organic matter, sand, silt, and clay. For the point, identify this substance in which seeds are planted. | Soil (acceptDirt; acceptEarth) |
| One variety of these organisms can leave behind hardened scars known as their namesake "boot." Gilded flickers form nests insidetheseorganisms.Carminedyesaremade from a type of beetle that lives on these organisms, one species of which, Peyote [[peh-YOH-teh]], contains the hallucinogen mescaline [[MEH-skah-lin]]. Other examples of these plants include pincushion and saguaro varieties. For the point, name these desert plants that are covered in spines. | Cactus (orCacti; orCactuses; acceptCactaceae;accept Saguarocactus; accept Pincushioncactus; accept Peyotecactus) |
| One of these devices named for Clarence Zener allows for reverse flow below the breakdown voltage. A triangle whose point leads into a line is the standardcircuitnotation for these devices. The simplest kind of these devices is a single p-n junction. For the point, name these devices that only allow current flow in a single direction, which include a notable "light-emitting" variety. | Diode (accept Light-EmittingDiode; acceptZenerdiode; accept P-Ndiode; prompt on "LED") |
| A function namedforthismangivesthenumberofintegerslessthanagiveninteger, his totient [["TOE"-shent]] function. With Mascheroni [[mah-skeh-ROH-nee]], this man names a constant symbolized with a lowercase gamma. This man's namesake number is defined as the limit of "one plus one over n all to the nth power" as n approaches infinity, roughly equal to 2.718. For the point, name this Swiss mathematician whose namesake number is the base of the natural logarithm. | LeonhardEuler[[OY-lehr]] (acceptEuler'stotient function orEuler's phi function; acceptEuler–Mascheroni constant orEuler'sconstant; acceptEuler's number; prompt on "e") |
| This compound, which is the reduced form of carbon dioxide, could trigger a runaway feedback loop accordingtothe"gunhypothesis."Thisgreenhousegasiscommonly trappedinsideiceclathrates[[KLATH-"rates"]]atthebottomoftheocean.Thiscompoundis the primary fuel found in natural gas. For the point, name this simplest hydrocarbon, a tetrahedral compound with chemical formula CH4. | Methane (acceptCH4before mentioned) |
| These particles are theorized to have a half-life of 1.67 times 10 to the 34th years and would decay into aneutralpion[["PIE"-on]]andapositron.Theseparticlescancapture an electron through inverse beta decay. These particles make upthenucleusoftheprotium isotope of hydrogen. For the point, name this positively charged baryon [[BAY-ree-on]], which forms the nucleus with neutrons. | Proton |
| The largest known variety of these animals is the raja ofu [[rah-jah-OH-foo]]. Some varieties of these animals from the Anthophila[[an-thoh-FEE-lah]]clade[[KLADE]]areable to communicate distance information through a "waggle dance." Neonicotinoid [[nee-oh-nih-KAH-tih-noyd]] pesticides are considered the most common cause of colony collapse disorder among these animals. The "Africanized" hybrid type of these animals are often knownasthe"killer"variety.Forthepoint,nametheseinsectsthatliveincoloniesand produce wax and honey. | Bees (acceptHoneybees; accept Africanizedhoneybees; accept Killerbees; accept Wallace's giantbee; do not accept or prompton "wasps") |
| This element was first isolated by Hennig Brand, who boiled down gallons of his own urine. This element names a type of photoluminescence often contrasted with fluorescence. This element's allotropes include a tetrahedral white variety and an amorphous red variety. The primary ingredient in match heads, for the point, what is this element which is located below nitrogen on the periodic table, with atomic number15and symbol "P"? | Phosphorus (acceptPbefore mentioned; acceptWhitephosphorusor Tetraphosphorus; accept Redphosphorus) |
| The formation of this material lends its name to the Carboniferous [[kar-boh-NIH-fer-us]] period, during which it was deposited in namesake seamsandbeds. This material is made from the deposition and compression of ancient plant matter, which eventually solidifies to become peat and this material. Varieties of this material include lignite, anthracite, and the bituminous variety. Forthe point, name this solid fossil fuel. | Coal (accept Blackcoal; accept Bituminouscoalbefore mentioned; accept LigniteorAnthracitebefore mentioned) |
| This field's structure is equivalent to the non-empty set A. This field takes its name from the Arabic for the "reunion of broken parts" or "bone-setting." According to the fundamental theorem of this field, at least one complex root can be found for every non-constant single-variable polynomial with complex coefficients. Forthepoint,namethis field of mathematics used to solve for unknown variables. | Algebra (oral-Jabr; accept Fundamental TheoremofAlgebra) |
| A child with the Lennox-Gastaut [[gah-STOH]] variety of this condition is described in Anne Fadiman's [[FAD-ih-mans]] book The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. This condition can be treated with phenytoin [[feh-neh-TOH-in]] or phenobarbital [[fee-noh-BAR-bih-tahl]]. Severe, hemisphere-isolated types of thisconditioncanbetreated with a split-brain procedure. Episodes of this condition can be induced by slashing strobe lights. For the point, name this neurological disorder,the most common cause of seizures. | Epilepsy (acceptEpilepticseizure (s); prompton "seizures" before mentioned) |
| This compound is oxidized by heating it with oxygen toformnitricoxideinthefirst step of the Ostwald process. Mixing this compound with bleach-containing substances produces toxicchloramine[[KLOH-rah-meen]]vapors.Anartificialnitrogenfixationprocess for manufacturingthiscompoundwasdiscoveredbyFritzHaber[[HAH-buh]].Forthepoint, name this simplest amine [[AM-een]] compound, whosechemical formula is NH3. | Ammonia (acceptNH3before mentioned; do notaccept or prompt on "Ammonium") |
| With Maurice Koechlin [[KEH-klin]], this engineer built the Garabit [[gah-rah-BEE]] Viaduct. This engineer designed the interior supports for the Statue of Liberty. One of this engineer's projects, which at the time was the world's tallest manmade structure,reliedon an exponential shape and latticework to withstand high wind speeds. For the point, name this French civil engineer, who names a triangulartower in Paris. | GustaveEiffel (or Alexandre GustaveEiffel;or Bönickhausen ditEiffel; accept EiffelTower or TourEiffel) |
| At the time of its launch, the Unity Engine was exclusively used for making these programs on macOS [[MAK-O-S]]. BlueMaxima's Flashpoint is a project dedicated to saving these programs made on Adobe Flash. One of the most popular frameworks for making3D types of these programs is the Unreal Engine owned by Epic. For the point, name these computer entertainment programs, early examples ofwhich includePongandPac-Man. | Video Games (acceptComputer Games; prompton "Game (s)") |
| This organ is made up of several hexagonal lobules [[LOB-yools]], which consist of this organ’s namesake cells arranged around a central vein. In the Cori cycle, lactose is moved into this organ where it is converted into glucose. Cirrhosis [[sih-ROH-siss]] of this organ can cause jaundice, or the yellowing of skin, often resulting from long-term alcohol abuse. For the point, name thislargeabdominalorganwhichremovestoxinsfromtheblood and produces bile. | Liver (acceptLivercells) |
| This is the largest body to have its existence predicted by the now-discredited Titius-Bode [[TIH-tee-uss-BOHD]] Law. When he discovered this planet, William Herschel proposed the name "George's Star." The moons of thisplanetarenamedforAlexanderPope and William Shakespeare characters, including Titania and Miranda. This planet's axis of rotation sits ata90-degreeanglerelativetoitsorbit.Forthepoint,namethisseventhplanet from the Sun. | Uranus |
| During World War One, this scientist developedmobileradiographyunitstoquickly X-ray wounded soldiers. This scientist unsuccessfully attemptedtosellhergoldNobelPrize medals to the French National Bank to help the war effort. This woman died of aplastic [[AY-"plastic"]] anemia, obtained as a result of prolonged exposure to her work with radiation. For the point, name this woman, the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields: Chemistry and Physics. | MarieCurie (or Marie Salomea SkłodowskaCurie;or Maria Salomea Skłodowska; accept MadameCurie) |
| The olm is a salamander species that is the only European vertebrate toexclusively live in these habitats. Unlike many insects living in these habitats, Leptodirus [[lep-toh-"DIE"-russ]] beetles retain their bright colors. Species that live in these habitats are referred to as troglobites. For the point, name these habitats inhabited by many depigmented and blind species, which are also a popularroosting spot for bats. | Cave (orCaverns) |